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The maturation of wheat flour is a transformative process that elevates its processing and culinary attributes to their peak performance levels. Despite extensive research on starch and gluten protein modifications, the impact of lipid changes has been largely unexplored. This study addresses this gap by examining the maturation of freshly milled wheat flour at 15 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C over 60 days, focusing on enzymatic activities—lipase, lipoxidase, and catalase—and lipid metabolites, including free fatty acids, conjugated trienes, p-anisidine value, and total oxidation value. The results of this study showed that free fatty acids continued to increase at all temperatures, with the most significant increase of 50% at 15 °C. The p-anisidine value followed a pattern of initial increase followed by a decline, while conjugated trienes were markedly higher at 40 °C, suggesting temperature's significant influence on lipid peroxidation. Notably, total oxidation values became erratic post 30 days, indicating a shift in oxidative dynamics. This study underscores the correlation between lipid metabolites and enzymatic activities, revealing the enzymes' pivotal role in lipid oxidation. The interplay of temperature and time offers valuable insights for optimizing wheat flour maturation, ensuring superior quality for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lateral erosion is a critical factor that influences the formation and amplification of debris flows. However, our understanding of the bank retreat process in debris flow channels is limited, which limits the evaluation of debris flow magnitudes and the prediction of their activity trends. Herein, we conduct physical experiments to investigate bank retreat mechanisms using five types of bank soil and multiple debris flow surges. The bank retreat process is categorized into two stages: toe cutting and bank collapse. Toe cutting is mainly caused by hydraulic erosion, bank collapse includes gravity erosion in the form of toppling failure. Notably, the bank retreat process exhibits a significant negative feedback loop. Bank erosion widens the channel bed, subsequently decreasing the flow depth. In turn, this reduction in flow depth mitigates bank erosion. Moreover, we discover a concise pattern in the complex coupling of hydraulic erosion and toppling failure: erosion efficiency is linearly and negatively correlated with the bed widening width. We develop a new parameterized model for describing the bank retreat process and provided empirical values for the model parameters. Furthermore, we observe that the initial erosion efficiency first increases and then decreases with an increase in the fine particle content of the bank soil. Additionally, we report a negative correlation between the maximum bed widening width and the fine particle content in the bank soil that follows a power function relationship. Key Points: We revealed the feedback mechanism between bank retreat and debris flow erosion efficiencyWe established a parameterized model describing the bank retreat processWe discussed the relationships between the model parameters and the particle size distribution of the bank soil [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin with nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, presenting a significant threat to human health that is often overlooked. Therefore, a dual-signal mode (DPV and SWV) aptasensor for citrinin (CIT) detection was constructed based on tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDN) in this study. Furthermore, PtPdCo mesoporous nanozymes exhibit catalase-like catalytic functions, generating significant electrochemical signals through a Fenton-like reaction. Meanwhile their excellent Methylene Blue (MB) loading capability ensures independent dual signal outputs. The RecJf exonuclease-assisted (RecJf Exo-assisted) process can expand the linear detection range, enabling further amplification of the signal. Under optimized conditions, the constructed aptaensor exhibited excellent detection performance with limits of detection (LODs) of 7.67 × 10 -3  ng·mL -1 (DPV mode) and 1.57 × 10 -3  ng·mL -1 (SWV mode). Due to its multiple signal amplification and highly accurate dual-signal mode detection capability, this aptasensor shows promising potential for the in situ detection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Herein, we synthesized anemone-like copper-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) loaded with gold-palladium nanoparticles (AuPd@Cu-MOFs) and polyethylenimine-reduced graphene oxide/gold-silver nanosheet composites (PEI-rGO/AuAg NSs) for the first time to construct the sensor and to detect T-2 toxin (T-2) using triple helix molecular switch (THMS) and signal amplification by swing-arm robot. The aptasensor used PEI-rGO/hexagonal AuAg NSs as the electrode modification materials and anemone-like AuPd@Cu-MOFs as the signal materials. The prepared PEI-rGO/hexagonal AuAg NSs had a large specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and good stability, which successfully improved the electrochemical performance of the sensors. The AuPd@Cu-MOFs with high porosity provided a great deal of attachment sites for the signaling molecule thionine (Thi), thereby increasing the signal response. The aptasensor developed in this study demonstrated a remarkable detection limit of 0.054 fg mL -1 under optimized conditions. Furthermore, the successful detection of T-2 in real samples was achieved using the fabricated sensor. The simplicity of the THMS-based method, which entails modifying the aptamer sequence, allows for easy adaptation to different target analytes. Thus, the sensor holds immense potential for applications in quality supervision and food safety.