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Abstract [Objective] To explore the response and adaptation of leaf functional traits of Atractylodes chinensis to Horqin sandy land. [Methods] Semi-wild A . chinensis. seeds from four seed sources were transplanted to the Chinese (Mongolian) medicinal herb research base in Naiman Banner through a homogeneous gardening experiment. The leaves of three-year-old A . chinensis were used as materials, to examine how A . chinensis's leaf structure and functional properties responded to and adapted to the sandy land of Horqin. [Results] The degree of leaf cleavage in the lower portion of the A . chinensis introduced from Zhalute Banner was evident. Additionally, the thickness of the upper and lower epidermal cells of the leaves of the A . chinensis introduced from Weichang County and Zhalute Banner were found to have significantly higher coefficients of variation and plasticity indices than those of the other seed source sites; additionally, their palisade/spongy ratios and the tightness of their tissues and structures were greater. The top layer of A . chinensis leaves from Arong Banner and Zhalute Banner sources had a greater number of stomata, whereas the upper layer of A . chinensis leaves from Harqin Banner had less stomata and a low stomatal density. A . chinensis leaves from the Zhalute Banner and Weichang County sources had a robust photosynthetic capacity, and the leaves from the Harqin Banner sources had a notably greater number of stomata in the lower epidermis than the leaves from the other three sources. [Conclusion] The results show that A . chinensis from Weichang County and Zhalute Banner are highly adaptable to the Horqin Sandy land.

We report on the magnetic coupling behavior in all-ferromagnetic La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/SrRuO3 (LSMO/SRO) heterostructures deposited on the SrTiO3 (111) substrate, where the interface leads to an enhanced exchange field as compared to the one deposited on SrTiO3 (001). Importantly, high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals distinct interface structures of the (111) heterostructures depending on the growth sequence. The heterostructure with an SRO bottom layer shows an atomically flat and abrupt interface, while the one with an LSMO bottom layer shows a deformed interface due to the surface roughening of LSMO deposited directly on SrTiO3 (111). As a result, the heterostructure with an abrupt interface exhibits a robust antiferromagnetic coupling between LSMO and SRO, while the one with a rough interface shows negligible magnetic coupling. Our results demonstrate the key role of an abrupt interface in determining the magnetic properties of oxide heterostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing a reliable control of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) is challenging but essential for the full utilization of rare‐earth iron garnets in spintronic devices. In this study, a feasible approach to enhance the PMA of ferrimagnetic thulium iron garnet (TmIG) films is presented. This approach involves precise adjustments in cation stoichiometry and epitaxial strain state. By fine‐tuning the pre‐ablation process and oxygen partial pressure during pulsed laser deposition, a series of high‐quality TmIG films can grow with variable cation stoichiometry, i.e., the Tm/Fe molar ratio. The finding reveals that cation stoichiometry plays a crucial role in determining the magnetic properties of the TmIG films. Particularly, the stoichiometric TmIG film has the strongest PMA due to the maximized magnetostriction coefficient. Combining this stoichiometry optimization and strain engineering, an unprecedented PMA strength of ≈30 kJ m−3 for TmIG is achieved. This achievement demonstrates a simple and effective method for harnessing the magnetic properties of rare‐earth iron garnet films, paving the way for their advanced applications in next‐generation spintronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D magnets have recently drawn enormous interest. As an air‐stable A‐type van der Waals antiferromagnet (AFM), CrSBr has attracted great attention but has also led to controversies about its large‐span ordering temperatures. Herein, a systematic study of the magnetic phase transition in single‐crystalline CrSBr with ultrahigh‐quality through surface‐sensitive X‐ray magnetic linear dichroism and X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements combined with vibrating sample magnetometry for characterization of bulk magnetization is reported. The interlayer AFM order of both surface and bulk CrSBr is revealed to maintain a similar Néel temperature within the range of 132–142 K. However, the intralayer ferromagnetic (FM) order of surface CrSBr is found to sustain up to ≈238 K, 70 K higher than the value obtained from the bulk CrSBr, demonstrating a dramatically different surface and bulk Curie temperature in CrSBr. Moreover, a half‐filled t2g electronic state for Cr3+ ions with magnetic moment of ≈3 µB/Cr in CrSBr is clearly identified. These results enrich the understanding of the electronic structure and magnetism in CrSBr, providing this material as a promising building block for future spintronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the efficacy of graded nutrition intervention strategy in improving patients with different degrees of impaired swallowing function after stroke.Methods: According to the way of nursing, the patients were divided into two group. The main outcome measure was Kota swallowing index (WSI) score, and the secondary outcome was complications during the intervention. SF-36 scale was used to evaluate the improvement of quality of life before and intervention.Results: The WSI score in the control group was 62.34 ± 10.23 at 1 week after treatment, 70.52 ± 13.45 at 6 weeks after treatment, and 80.48 ± 9.87 at 12 weeks after treatment, while that in the intervention group was 71.45 ± 9.68 at 1 week after treatment, 75.81 ± 11.78 at 6 weeks after treatment, and 84.12 ± 14.32 at 12 weeks after treatment. The WSI scores of the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the control group (t = 5.634, P < 0.001), suggesting better swallowing function of the patients The incidence of pulmonary infection, malnutrition and gastroesophageal reflux in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in throat inflammation and dehydration between the two groups (P > 0.05). In addition, graded nutrition interventions significantly improved patients' quality of life, including dimensions of physical functioning, role physics, physical pain, and social functioning.Conclusion: Compared with conventional treatment, personalized graded nutrition intervention can significantly improve the swallowing function and reduce the pulmonary infection rate in patients with swallowing disorders after stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatially explicit prediction of soil organic carbon (SOC) serves as a crucial foundation for effective land management strategies aimed at mitigating soil degradation and assessing carbon sequestration potential. Here, using more than 1000 in-situ observations, we trained two machine learning models (random forest, and K-means coupled with multiple linear regression), and one process-based model (the vertically resolved MIcrobial-MIneral Carbon Stabilization (MIMICS)) to predict SOC content of the top 30 cm of soil in Australia. Parameters of MIMICS were optimized for different site groupings, using two distinct approaches, plant functional types (MIMICS-PFT), and the most influential environmental factors (MIMICS-ENV). We found that at the continental scale, soil bulk density and mean annual temperature are the dominant controls of SOC variation, and that dominant controls vary for different vegetation types. All models showed good performance in SOC predictions with R2 greater than 0.8 during out-of-sample validation with random forest being the most accurate, and SOC in forests is more predictable than that in non-forest soils. Parameter optimization approaches made a notable difference in the performance of MIMICS SOC prediction with MIMICS-ENV performing better than MIMICS-PFT especially in non-forest soils. Digital maps of terrestrial SOC stocks generated using all the models showed similar spatial distribution with higher values in southeast and southwest Australia, but the magnitude of estimated SOC stocks varied. The mean ensemble estimate of SOC stocks was 30.08 t/ha with K-means coupled with multiple linear regression generating the highest estimate (mean SOC stocks at 38.15 t/ha) and MIMICS-PFT generating the lowest estimate (mean SOC stocks at 24.29 t/ha). We suggest that enhancing process-based models to incorporate newly identified drivers that significantly influence SOC variations in different environments could be key to reducing the discrepancies in these estimates. Our findings underscore the considerable uncertainty in SOC estimates derived from different modelling approaches and emphasize the importance of rigorous out-of-sample validation before applying any one approach in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials offers unprecedented opportunities for spintronics and magneto‐optic devices. Combining magnetic Kerr microscopy and density functional theory calculations, the AFM‐FM transition is investigated and a surprising abnormal magneto‐optic anisotropy in vdW CrSBr associated with different magnetic phases (FM, AFM, or paramagnetic state) is discovered. This unique magneto‐optic property leads to different anisotropic optical reflectivity from different magnetic states, permitting direct imaging of the AFM Néel vector orientation and the dynamic process of the AFM‐FM transition within a magnetic field. Using Kerr microscopy, not only the domain nucleation and propagation process is imaged but also the intermediate spin‐flop state in the AFM‐FM transition is identified. The unique magneto‐optic property and clear identification of the dynamics process of the AFM‐FM phase transition in CrSBr demonstrate the promise of vdW magnetic materials for future spintronic technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coevolution of bullying and friendship networks and the moderating effects of classroom bullying popularity norms were examined in a sample of 965 students (52.1% boys) in 22 fourth‐ and fifth‐grade classes. Longitudinal social network analysis showed that children were more likely to bully their friends' victims (bully influence effect) and to be bullied by their friends' bullies (victim influence effect); two children bullying the same child were likely to be friends (bully selection effect), and two victims bullied by the same child were likely to be friends (victim selection effect). Bullying popularity norms served as moderators, and the bully selection effect was significant weaker in the context of low bullying popularity norms. This study adds understanding of bullying as a group process and provides implications for preventing school bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying a suitable water-soluble sacrificial layer is crucial to fabricating large-scale freestanding oxide membranes, which offer attractive functionalities and integrations with advanced semiconductor technologies. Here, we introduce a water-soluble sacrificial layer, "super-tetragonal" Sr 4 Al 2 O 7 (SAO T ). The low-symmetric crystal structure enables a superior capability to sustain epitaxial strain, allowing for broad tunability in lattice constants. The resultant structural coherency and defect-free interface in perovskite ABO 3 /SAO T heterostructures effectively restrain crack formation during the water release of freestanding oxide membranes. For a variety of nonferroelectric oxide membranes, the crack-free areas can span up to a millimeter in scale. This compelling feature, combined with the inherent high water solubility, makes SAO T a versatile and feasible sacrificial layer for producing high-quality freestanding oxide membranes, thereby boosting their potential for innovative device applications.