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A 69-year-old man presented with dark-red shin patches, scales with pruritus occuring throughout his body for 3 years, with aggravation for 4 months. Laboratory tests showed peripheral blood eosinophilia was 12.07 x 109/L and IgE level was 9 379 kU/L while his anti-BP180 antibody level was higher than 200 U/mL. Histopathological examination revealed: epidermal hyperkeratosis, incomplete keratinization, focal exudate, thickened spiny layer, intercellular oedema, mild lymphocytic and eosinophilic and phagocytic infiltration around the superficial dermal vessels. Direct immunofluorescence assay ( DIF) detected a linear deposition of C3 at the basement membrane zone. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) revealed a positive pemphigoid circulating antibody IgG titre of 1-160. IIF on salt-split skin revealed the binding of IgG antibodies to both the epidermal and dermal. The diagnosis of nonbullous pemphigoid (NBP) was made. However, no improvement in his itching symptom and his eczematous lesions persisted with dupilumab as monotherapy for three months, then the flaking stopped and pruritus was reduced combined with oral prednisone for three months. The patient was followed up for one year and no blisters were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the developmental trajectories of written language of two Chinese EFL learners in terms of complexity over one semester and explored the relationship between syntactic complexity and lexical complexity under the framework of Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST). The data were processed using dynamic analyses (min-max graphs, moving correlations and Change-point analysis) to visualize the developmental process and variability of each subsystem of complexity with 4 measures (mean length of T-unit, mean length of clause, clauses per T-unit and VocD) and interactions between different subsystems. The results showed, first, that different subsystems of written language complexity developed dynamically and nonlinearly with different degrees of variability, and varied in the two participants. Second, interactions existed between syntactic complexity and lexical complexity, which shaped as competitors for Jenny but as connected growers for Helen. The results further deepened the understanding of the development in learners' written complexity, providing significant implications for EFL writing teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T cells, as a major lymphocyte population involved in the adaptive immune response, play an important immunomodulatory role in the early stages of autoimmune diseases. Autophagy is a cellular catabolism mediated by lysosomes. Autophagy maintains cell homeostasis by recycling degraded cytoplasmic components and damaged organelles. Autophagy has a protective effect on cells and plays an important role in regulating T cell development, activation, proliferation and differentiation. Autophagy mediates the participation of T cells in the acquired immune response and plays a key role in antigen processing as well as in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis. In autoimmune diseases, dysregulated autophagy of T cells largely influences the pathological changes. Therefore, it is of great significance to study how T cells play a role in the immune mechanism of autoimmune diseases through autophagy pathway to guide the clinical treatment of diseases., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Zhao, Ma, Yang, Wang and Zhang.)

Autoimmune diseases are pathological autoimmune reactions in the body caused by various factors, which can lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction. They can be divided into organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases. These diseases usually involve various body systems, including the blood, muscles, bones, joints and soft tissues. The transient receptor potential (TRP) and PIEZO receptors, which resulted in David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian winning the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2021, attracted people's attention. Most current studies on TRP and PIEZO receptors in autoimmune diseases have been carried out on animal model, only few clinical studies have been conducted. Therefore, this study aimed to review existing studies on TRP and PIEZO to understand the roles of these receptors in autoimmune diseases, which may help elucidate novel treatment strategies.

Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.