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Insulator faults are an important factor in causing outages and accidents in power transmission lines. In response to problems related to inefficient insulator positioning, limited robustness of insulator defect feature extraction methods, and the scarcity of defective insulator samples leading to poor classifier generalization, a method for insulator defect detection and recognition based on vision big-model transfer learning and a stochastic configuration network (SCN) is proposed. First, data augmentation methods, such as Mosaic and Mixup, are employed to mitigate overfitting in the YOLOv7 network. Second, StyleGanv3 adversarial generative networks are used to augment the dataset of defective insulators, which enhances dataset diversity. Third, a vision big-model transfer learning method based on DINOv2 is introduced to extract features from insulator images. Finally, an SCN classifier is used to determine the status of insulators. Experimental results demonstrate that the applied data augmentation methods effectively mitigate overfitting. YOLOv7 accurately detects insulator positions, and the use of the DINOv2 feature extraction method increases the accuracy of insulator defect recognition by 28.6%. Compared with machine learning classification methods, the SCN classifier achieves the highest accuracy improvement of 17.4%. The proposed method effectively detects insulator positions and recognizes insulator defects.