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Abstract [Objective] To enhance the resistance of non-heading Chinese cabbage to turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), this study preliminarily explored the interaction mechanism between BcCHC1 protein of nonheading Chinese cabbage and TuMV. [Methods] The study firstly identified members of the heavy chain clathrin (CHC) gene family, BcCHCs, from non-heading Chinese cabbage, and then cloned CHC1 gene. BcCHC1 subcellular localization was analyzed, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay was used to verify the interaction between TuMV and BcCHC1. Finally, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was employed to silence BcCHC1 expression and its function was assessed. [Results] BcCHC1 gene from non-heading Chinese cabbage was cloned, with a coding sequence length of 5 124 bp, encoding 1 708 amino acids. qRT-PCR results showed a significant decrease in the relative expression level of Bc- CHC1 gene in non-heading Chinese cabbage infected with TuMV after 30 days. Subcellular localization revealed that BcCHC1 protein was located in the cell membrane and nucleus of tobacco epidermal cells. BiFC assay analysis confirmed that BcCHC1 interacted with CI and 6K2: Interaction with CI was mainly occurring in the nucleus, while interaction with 6K2 mainly on the cell membrane. Observations of BcCHC1-silenced lines showed that silencing BcCHC1 gene led to plant death. [Conclusion] BcCHC1 regulates the infection of non-heading Chinese cabbage by TuMV through interaction with CI and 6K2, thereby affecting the clathrin-dependent endocytosis pathway and virus replication. However, the mechanism by which Bc- CHC1 regulates TuMV infection in non-heading Chinese cabbage requires further study.

The sugar content in watermelon significantly influences its flavor. To understand the sugar accumulation pattern in small-fruited watermelon and identify candidate genes involved in sugar synthesis and conversion, we measured the sugar content (sucrose, fructose, and glucose) at five developmental stages: 10d, 16d, 22d, 28d, and 34d post-pollination. Two watermelon varieties with the largest sugar content difference at 28d post-pollination (high-sugar G38-28 and low-sugar 482276-28) were selected for transcriptome sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated using RT-qPCR. Additionally, the sugar contents of three commercial varieties ('Su Meng NO.5', 'Su Meng NO.6', 'Su Meng NO.7') and their parents were compared at five stages. Results showed glucose and fructose levels peaked between 22d and 28d, followed by a decrease, while sucrose content continuously increased. F1 hybrids exhibited glucose and sucrose trends similar to their paternal parent and fructose trends similar to their maternal parent. Transcriptome sequencing identified 9337 DEGs (5072 upregulated and 4265 downregulated). Gene Ontology analysis highlighted overrepresentation in categories such as pectinase and oxidoreductase activity. KEGG analysis identified 12 DEGs involved in sugar synthesis and conversion pathways, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and pentose and glucuronate interconversions. RT-qPCR validation corroborated the transcriptome data. These findings explain the distinct sugar accumulation patterns in G38-28 and 482276-28 at the transcriptional level, offering insights for genetic breeding and regulation of key sugar-related genes in watermelon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of ionic liquids (ILs) to fractionate lignocelluloses for various bio-based chemicals productions is in the ascendant. On this basis, the protic ILs consisting of triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate ([TEA][HSO4]) possessed great promise due to the low price, low pollution, and high efficiency. In this study, the microwave-assistant [TEA][HSO4] fractionation process was established for corn stover fractionation, so as to facilitate the monomeric sugars production and supported the downstream acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation. Results: The assistance of microwave irradiation could obviously shorten the fractionation period of corn stover. Under the optimized condition (190 W for 3 min), high xylan removal (93.17 ± 0.63%) and delignification rate (72.90 ± 0.81%) were realized. The mechanisms for the promotion effect of the microwave to the protic ILs fractionation process were ascribed to the synergistic effect of the IL and microwaves to the depolymerization of lignocellulose through the ionic conduction, which can be clarified by the characterization of the pulps and the isolated lignin specimens. Downstream valorization of the fractionated pulps into ABE productions was also investigated. The [TEA][HSO4] free corn stover hydrolysate was capable of producing 12.58 g L−1 of ABE from overall 38.20 g L−1 of monomeric sugars without detoxification and additional nutrients supplementation. Conclusions: The assistance of microwave irradiation could significantly promote the corn stover fractionation by [TEA][HSO4]. Mass balance indicated that 8.1 g of ABE and 16.61 g of technical lignin can be generated from 100 g of raw corn stover based on the novel fractionation strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe brake disk and friction material parameters were taken as design variables, with the negative damping ratio of the unstable mode as the optimization target. The central composite design method was employed to obtain suitable data sample points. A neural network response surface model was constructed to predict the real part values of the unstable mode. Structural optimization design was then conducted using a screening method to derive optimized parameters for the brake disk structure and physical parameters such as density, elastic modulus, and Poisson’s ratio of the friction material. The optimized coefficient of the negative damping ratio of the brake system’s unstable mode was enhanced, thereby reducing the likelihood of brake squeal. Harmonic response analysis showed a significant optimization effect on the curve of brake disk amplitude fluctuations with frequency. These findings offer valuable insights for improving the stability of disk brake systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of ionic liquids (ILs) to fractionate lignocelluloses for various bio-based chemicals productions is in the ascendant. On this basis, the protic ILs consisting of triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate ([TEA][HSO 4 ]) possessed great promise due to the low price, low pollution, and high efficiency. In this study, the microwave-assistant [TEA][HSO 4 ] fractionation process was established for corn stover fractionation, so as to facilitate the monomeric sugars production and supported the downstream acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation., Results: The assistance of microwave irradiation could obviously shorten the fractionation period of corn stover. Under the optimized condition (190 W for 3 min), high xylan removal (93.17 ± 0.63%) and delignification rate (72.90 ± 0.81%) were realized. The mechanisms for the promotion effect of the microwave to the protic ILs fractionation process were ascribed to the synergistic effect of the IL and microwaves to the depolymerization of lignocellulose through the ionic conduction, which can be clarified by the characterization of the pulps and the isolated lignin specimens. Downstream valorization of the fractionated pulps into ABE productions was also investigated. The [TEA][HSO 4 ] free corn stover hydrolysate was capable of producing 12.58 g L -1 of ABE from overall 38.20 g L -1 of monomeric sugars without detoxification and additional nutrients supplementation., Conclusions: The assistance of microwave irradiation could significantly promote the corn stover fractionation by [TEA][HSO 4 ]. Mass balance indicated that 8.1 g of ABE and 16.61 g of technical lignin can be generated from 100 g of raw corn stover based on the novel fractionation strategy., (© 2024. The Author(s).)