Search

When measuring the thickness of ultrathin overlayer films using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), accurate values of the reference intensity ratio (R0) and the effective attenuation length (L) are essential. By definition, R0 is the peak intensity ratio for an overlayer and the substrate in "bulk" phases. Two issues need to be addressed in experimental determining R0 for ultrathin films: (i) How might a contamination layer on the sample used for measuring peak intensities impact R0? And (ii) do differences in the structure or chemistry of an ultrathin film make it inappropriate to determine R0 using bulk forms of the overlayer? In this study, we demonstrate the experimental determination of the R0 for an ultrathin HfO2 film on a Si(100) substrate with a 2 nm SiO2 layer. The values of R0 were determined using (i) the bulk materials of the HfO2 film and substrate and (ii) the ultrathin HfO2 films after different cleaning treatments. The results show that the R0 determined by the ultrathin films is higher than that determined by the bulk materials. Also, keeping the same level of carbonaceous contamination on the sample surface by cleaning as much as possible is essential for an accurate experimental determination of R0. In addition, the effective attenuation length was obtained using samples with known thicknesses measured by X‐ray reflectometry. The thicknesses and uncertainty budget of the ultrathin HfO2 films were then evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates two species in the lichen-forming family Arthoniaceae from southern China, including a new species of Herpothallon, H. fibrosum L.L. Liu & Lu L. Zhang and a new record of Cryptothecia, C. striata G. Thor for China. Herpothallon fibrosum has fluffy, cylindrical pseudoisidia, like a bundle of fiber, and psoromic acid and confluentic acid are present. Furthermore, the new record of Cryptothecia striata has been identified by morphological, anatomical, chemical, and molecular studies. The systematic position of the two species was clarified by the molecular sequence data from the small subunit of the mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (mtSSU). Detailed taxonomic descriptions, chemical characters, comparisons, and discussion of the characteristics of similar species are provided for the two species; the relationship between Cryptothecia and Herpothallon is also discussed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] In the process of photocatalytic ammonia synthesis, efficient activation of nitrogen molecules constitutes a fundamental challenge. During the N 2 activation, the close interdependence between the acceptance and donation of electron results in their mutual limitation, leading to high energy barrier for N 2 activation and unsatisfactory photocatalytic performance. This work decoupled the electron acceptance and donation processes by constructing Fe-Bi dual active sites, resulting in enhancing N 2 activation through the high electron trapping ability of Fe3+ and strong electron donating ability of Bi2+. The photocatalytic nitrogen reduction efficiency of 3%Fe/Bi 2 O 2.33 (118.71 μmol g cat −1h−1) is 5.3 times that of Bi 2 O 2.33 (22.41 μmol g cat −1h−1). In-situ Fourier transform infrared (In situ FTIR) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations manifest that Fe3+-Bi2+ dual active sites work together to promote nitrogen adsorption and activation, and the reaction path is more inclined toward alternate hydrogenation path. N 2 adsorption and activation properties are optimized by heteronuclear bimetallic active sites, which offers a new way for the rational design of nitrogen-fixing photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper studies how rural-urban migration in China affects the vertical disintegration of firms. We construct a theoretical model and find that the inflow of rural migrants increases the output of firms in urban areas. This leads to a higher degree of vertical disintegration of firms due to the decreasing returns to scale. We also find that the wage of skilled workers relative to that of unskilled workers in urban areas is increased with rural migrants as the vast majority of rural migrants are unskilled. Our empirical findings are consistent with our model predictions using China’s population census and manufacturing firm-level data in 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), an inflammatory marker, plays an important role in the inflammatory mechanisms of the pathophysiology and progression of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The aim of this study was to identify the potential factors associated with functional prognosis in AIS. A total of 303 AIS patients were enrolled in this study; baseline information of each participant, including demographic characteristics, medical history, laboratory data, and 90-day functional outcome, was collected. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that NLR, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score were found to be independent factors for poor functional outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to estimate the predictive value of the NLR for 90-day functional outcome, with the best predictive cutoff value being 3.06. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, three models were constructed: Model 1, adjusted for age, sex, SBP, and TOAST classification (AUC = 0.694); Model 2, further adjusted for the NIHSS score at admission (AUC = 0.826); and Model 3, additionally adjusted for the NLR (AUC = 0.829). The NLR at admission was an independent predictor of 90-day prognosis in patients with AIS. The risk factors related to poor 90-day functional outcomes were higher SBP, higher NLR, and a greater NIHSS score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a wealth of evidence to suggest that childhood maltreatment is a major risk factor contributing to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adolescents. However, how and under what conditions childhood maltreatment is related to NSSI remains largely unclear. This study examined the indirect effect of depressive symptoms in the relation between childhood maltreatment and non-suicidal self-injury, as well as the moderating role of cognitive reappraisal and emotion reactivity in those associations. A sample of 1,984 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 12.84, SD = 1.27, 47.9% girls) completed self-report questionnaires. The results of path analysis showed that childhood maltreatment was significantly related to NSSI and that depressive symptoms play an indirect effect in the relation between them. Cognitive reappraisal mitigated the effect of childhood maltreatment on depressive symptoms, and emotion reactivity strengthened the effect of depressive symptoms on non-suicidal self-injury. The results further showed that the indirect effect of depressive symptoms was more prominent for youths with lower levels of cognitive reappraisal and greater emotion reactivity. Interventions that enhance cognitive reappraisal and reduce emotion reactivity may interrupt the pathway from childhood maltreatment to NSSI via depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let P, Q be two orthogonal projections and J be a symmetry such that J P = Q J . Based on the block operator technique and Halmos’ CS decomposition, we devote to characterizing the pseudo-regularity of R (P) and R (Q) . It is given the J-projection onto a regular complement of R (P) ∘ in R (P) (resp. R (Q) ∘ in R (Q) ). Furthermore, the sets of J-normal projections onto R (P) and R (Q) are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using easily hydrolyzable brominated pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) as an electron acceptor, a wide variety of structurally stable binary organic charge‐transfer (CT) microcrystals that are stabilized by dominant intermolecular CT interactions is achieved. By varying the electron‐donating abilities of π‐electron compounds, the resulting single crystalline CT assemblies display tailorable fluorescence emissions spanning from green to near‐infrared. Upon implantation of a π‐electron donor anthracene (An) into fluoranthene‐PMDA (Fl‐PMDA), red and NIR emissions of ternary alloyed assemblies are substantially enhanced due to efficient energy transfer from Fl‐PMDA to An‐PMDA as well as structural complementarity between two CT complexes. Depending on the well‐matched epitaxial relationship, seeded growth of phenanthrene‐PMDA (Ph‐PMDA) onto the pre‐existing An‐PMDA microcrystals is also achieved, leading to core‐shell heterostructures with full and partial coverage. Such an epitaxial growth strategy is also applicable to the construction of microscale heterostructures of diverse CT complex combinations. The ternary Fl1−xAnx‐PMDA alloyed assemblies display composition‐dependent tailorable optical waveguiding behaviors. While An‐PMDA@Ph‐PMDA core‐shell microrods present wavelength‐dependent two‐photon excited fluorescence performances. The rational creation of these homogeneous and heterogeneous CT‐assembled architectures provides us a deep insight to investigate multicomponent functional organic cocrystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has demonstrated the predictive effect of maternal childhood maltreatment on adolescent internalizing problems. However, few studies have explored the mediating mechanisms of how mothers' experiences of childhood maltreatment are transmitted to their offspring's internalizing problems over time. The present multi-informant study investigated the potential mediating effects of maternal depressive symptoms and offspring's childhood maltreatment experiences on the relation between maternal childhood maltreatment and adolescent internalizing problems. A total of 823 Chinese youth (43.4% girls; Mage = 10.26 years, SD = 0.94) and their mothers participated in a two-wave longitudinal study with one-year intervals. Mothers reported their experiences of childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms, while youth reported their childhood maltreatment experiences and internalizing problems. Findings of path analysis indicated that maternal emotional abuse at T1 could significantly predict adolescent internalizing problems at T2, after controlling for a baseline of adolescent internalizing problems. Maternal emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect at T1 can influence adolescent internalizing problems at T2 through maternal depressive symptoms at T1 to adolescent internalizing problems at T1. Maternal emotional abuse at T1 displayed statistically significant indirect effects on adolescent internalizing problems at T2 successively through the pathway from adolescent emotional abuse at T1 to adolescent internalizing problems at T1. The findings supported the cycle of maltreatment hypothesis. The present study highlights the intergenerational link between maternal childhood maltreatment and adolescent internalizing problems, as well as reveals the mediating mechanisms in this relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-chain interaction plays a crucial role in enhancing asset circulation and data sharing across diverse blockchain systems. However, achieving secure and stable cross-chain data transactions remains a significant challenge. Traditional frameworks often prioritize efficiency, leading to potential security vulnerabilities, such as single points of failure and excessive computational burdens. These issues compromise the reliability of cross-chain interactions, necessitating the development of more robust methodologies to ensure secure data communication across consortium blockchains. To address these concerns, this paper proposes a novel cross-chain data interaction protocol based on a relay network, incorporating auditing and result arbitration mechanisms using short signatures from bilinear pairings. The protocol employs a trusted execution environment (TEE) within the relay network to execute service nodes that record transaction states. This approach not only reduces the computational load on the chain but also facilitates effective coordination for cross-chain consensus. Moreover, we present a cross-chain asynchronous consensus mechanism, named d-PBFT, to improve the flexibility of the cross-chain network. Security analysis and experimental results show that the protocol enhances the efficiency and ensures the security of cross-chain interaction, while reducing on-chain storage consumption. Thus, the protocol has a high level of security and feasibility for cross-chain data interaction among consortium blockchains. © 2014 xxxxxxxx. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A hierarchical porous Indium-doping ZnO micro-bowl is constructed through an in-situ corrosion method. • The abundant voids and nanopores facilitate the ionic transport and accommodating the volumetric changes. • The Indium-doping accelerates the transition kinetics between Zn and ZnO through enhancing the electrical/ionic conductivity and adsorption to OH–. • The Indium-doping inhibits the hydrogen evolution. • The In-ZnO demonstrates high Zn utilization of 92.3%, and high capacity of 590.2 mAh/g even at high current density of 36 A/g. Aqueous nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn) battery is one promising grid energy storage device owing to its high theoretical energy density, high safety and low cost. However, the large-scale commercialization of Ni-Zn battery is significantly hindered by its low practical energy density and poor cycle lifespan caused by the low reversibility and transition kinetics between the metallic Zn and ZnO with low Zn utilization. To address these issues, a type of hierarchical porous Indium-doping ZnO micro-bowls (In-ZnO) is constructed through an in-situ chemical corrosion strategy. The abundant voids and pores facilitate the ionic transport, and simultaneously accommodate the volumetric expansion during the electrochemical transition between metallic Zn and ZnO. Density functional theory calculations further reveal that In-ZnO achieves the enhanced electrical/ionic conductivity and improved adsorption to OH–, accelerating the solid–liquid transitions of Zn-Zn(OH) 4 2- and Zn(OH) 4 2--ZnO, as well as the solid–solid transition of Zn-ZnO. Simultaneously, the Indium-doping inhibits the hydrogen evolution and passivation. Ascribed to the synergetic effect of the hierarchical porous structure and Indium-doping, the In-ZnO electrode demonstrates ultra-stable capacity retention of 98.6% over 1000 cycles at 9 A g-1 under 92.3% Zn utilization, and high capacity of 590.2 mAh g-1 even at high current density of 36 A g-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The SPR and fluorescence dual-mode detection system were applied. • The whole cell and membrane region of a single cell were analyzed simultaneously. • The temporal and spatial correspondences were established. • Effectiveness of multiple drugs on A549 cells was tested. The investigation of the interactions between cells and drugs forms a crucial aspect of biological and clinical medical studies. Generally, single-cell or local-cellular studies require a microscopic imaging system with high magnifications, which suffers from low detection throughputs and poor time responses. The study presented in this paper combined SPR and fluorescence to achieve cell localization, real-time monitoring of cell images and quantitative analysis of drugs. In order to obtain more comprehensive, accurate and real-time data, a dual-mode system based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and fluorescence was constructed based on a 4× magnification lens. This enables simultaneous studies of an entire cell and a specific region of the cell membrane. An adaptive adjustment algorithm was established for distorted SPR images, achieving temporal and spatial matching of the dual-mode detection. The combination of SPR and fluorescence not only achieved micro-detection but also complemented the qualitative or quantitative limitations of SPR or fluorescence method alone. In system characterization, the response signal of SPR was noticed to increase with the increasing concentration of EGF in stimulated cells. It indicated that this platform could be employed for quantitative detection of the cell membrane region. Upon addition of EGF, a peak in the SPR curve was observed, and the cells in the corresponding SPR image turned whiter. This indicated that the platform can simultaneously monitor the SPR response signal and image changes. The response time of fluorescence in EGF testing was several seconds earlier than SPR, revealing that signal transduction first occurred in the whole cell and then propagated to the cell membrane region. The inhibitory ability of Gefitinib on cells was verified in a fast and real-time manner within 20 min. The results indicated that the detection limit of this method was 20 IU/mL for EGF and 10 µg/mL for Gefitinib. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the advantages of SPR and fluorescence dual-mode techniques in the analysis of cell-drug interactions, as well as their strong potential in drug screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In lake ecosystems, pelagic-benthic coupling strength (PBCS) is closely related to foodweb structure and pollutant transport. However, the trophic transfer of antibiotics in a benthic-pelagic coupling foodweb (BPCFW) and the manner in which PBCS influences the trophic magnification factor (TMFs) of antibiotics is still not well understood in the whole lake. Herein, the trophic transfer behavior of 12 quinolone antibiotics (QNs) in the BPCFW of Baiyangdian Lake were studied during the period of 2018–2019. It was revealed that 24 dominant species were contained in the BPCFW, and the trophic level was 0.42–2.94. Seven QNs were detected in organisms, the detection frequencies of ofloxacin (OFL), flumequine (FLU), norfloxacin (NOR), and enrofloxacin (ENR) were higher than other QNs. The ∑QN concentration in all species was 11.3–321 ng/g dw. The TMFs for ENR and NOR were trophic magnification, while for FLU/OFL it was trophic dilution. The PBCS showed spatial-temporal variation, with a range of 0.6977–0.7910. The TMFs of ENR, FLU, and OFL were significantly positively correlated with PBCS. Phytoplankton and macrophyte biomasses showed indirect impact on the TMFs of QNs by directly influencing the PBCS. Therefore, the PBCS was the direct influencing factor for the TMFs of chemicals. [Display omitted] • First illustrated the PBCS was the direct impact factor for the TMFs of QNs. • Two-baseline approach is better to assess TMFs of chemicals in BPCFW. • Temporal variation of PBCS was significant while spatial variation was not. • The TMFs of ENR, FLU, and OFL were significantly positive correlation with PBCS. • PB and MB showed indirectly impact the TMFs of QNs by directly influence PBCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic (MP), as a new pollutant, not only affects the growth and development of plants but also may affect the secondary metabolites of plants. The anti-tumor role of Pinellia ternata is related to secondary metabolites. The role of brassinolide (BR) in regulating plant resistance is currently one of the research hotspots. The paper mainly explores the regulation of BR on growth and physiology of Pinellia ternata under MP stress. The experimental design includes two levels of MP (0, 1%) and two levels of BR (0, 0.1 mg/L). MP led to a marked reduction in plant height (15.0%), Fv/Fm (3.2%), SOD and APX activity (15.0%, 5.1%), whereas induced an evident raise in the rate of O 2 ·- production (29.6%) and GSH content (4.4%), as well as flavonoids (6.8%), alkaloids (75%), and β-sitosterol (26.5%) contents. Under MP addition, BR supply significantly increased plant height (15.7%), aboveground and underground biomass (16.1%, 10.3%), carotenoid and GSH content (11.8%, 4.2%), Fv/Fm (2.9%), and activities of SOD, GR, and MDHAR (32.2%, 21.08%, 20.9%). These results indicate that MP suppresses the growth of P. ternata , although it promotes secondary metabolism. BR can alleviate the inhibitory effect of MP on growth by improving photosynthesis, redox homeostasis, and the AsA-GSH cycle. [Display omitted] • MP reduces growth and antioxidant capacity of P. ternata. • MP promotes the generation of secondary metabolic substances in P. ternata. • BR enhances growth and antioxidant capacity of P. ternata under MP stress. • BR have a potential role in mitigating adverse effects of MP on P. ternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real point cloud registration, involving homologous and cross-source 3D data, poses significant challenges such as partial overlap, high noise, density disparities, and scale variations. In this paper, we introduce a framework called OEFM to guide transform estimation on the basis of feature metrics through overlap estimation with overlap region center weighting, which estimates transform parameters by minimizing feature projection error on overlap region features. Our proposed approach utilizes an overlap filtering module with a center-weighting mechanism to filter overlap points and feeds these points into a feature metric framework with a forward–backward transformation to estimate the transformation parameters. The rationale behind our approach is that only overlapping regions are useful for point cloud registration, while non-overlapping regions are anomalous. Furthermore, our proposed approach requires no correspondence search, making it robust to partial overlaps, large noise, density differences, and scale variations. We show that our approach achieves the highest registration recall for 3DMatch and 3DCSR in extensive experiments on both homologous and cross-source datasets. • We present an efficient unsupervised training module for transform estimation with forward–backward transformation, which could enhance the performance of unsupervised training as well as transform estimation. • We provide a robust point cloud registration technique combined with feature matching, without using the common correspondence search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainfall-induced soil slope failures are among the most frequent and widespread landslides in the world. The infiltration of water plays a critical role in the instability of slopes under rainfall conditions. By employing the physical models, field monitoring data becomes instrumental for the back analysis of soil parameters, providing critical insights into the mechanisms of slope instability. In this review, the initial section investigates the hydraulic characteristics of unsaturated soils, encompassing the soil-water characteristic curve, permeability function, and their variability nature. Subsequently, a comprehensive overview of infiltration models for unsaturated soil, coupled with their numerical and analytical solutions, is provided. The subsequent section systematically introduces physical model-based Bayesian parameter inference, with a particular emphasis on the formulations of likelihood functions. The exploration then shifts towards investigating the impacts of prior knowledge, likelihood, model structure, and assimilation approach on an unsaturated soil slope monitoring case. Finally, the limitations of the current approaches and future outlooks in this field are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports an experimental investigation of the membrane residual stresses in S690 high strength steel welded π-shaped and cruciform sections. The experimental programme was performed on three π-shaped sections and two cruciform sections, fabricated from 5 mm thick S700MC high strength steel plates by means of gas metal arc welding, and included material tensile coupon tests and membrane residual stress measurements, with two measurements for each of the five S690 high strength steel welded π-shaped and cruciform sections. The measured tensile and compressive membrane residual stresses were analysed and the self-equilibrium of the measured membrane residual stresses in each constituent plate element was also verified, with the maximum unbalanced membrane residual stress to yield stress ratios of 3.3% for π-shaped sections and 3.2% for cruciform sections. The existing membrane residual stress predictive models, as given in the European convention and Swedish regulations, were assessed for their applicability to S690 high strength steel welded π-shaped and cruciform sections, revealing inaccuracy. Finally, two sets of new predictive models for membrane residual stresses in S690 high strength steel welded π-shaped and cruciform sections were proposed and shown to result in accurate predictions of the measured membrane residual stress data. • The membrane residual stresses in S690 high strength steel welded π-shaped and cruciform sections are studied. • Ten sets of measurements are conducted on three π-shaped sections and two cruciform sections. • The measured tensile and compressive membrane residual stresses are analysed. • The codified membrane residual stress predictive models are assessed, indicating inaccuracy. • New improved membrane residual stress predictive models are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of the cascadic multigrid method applied to improved Picard iteration method for nonlinear problems arising in deforming variably saturated porous media. The finite element method with 6-node triangular elements is applied to discretize the space and obtain nonlinear algebraic equations. Then the nonlinear iterative method is used for iterative solution. Since the classical nonlinear Picard iteration method (PI) can be slow to converge, two improved Picard iteration methods are proposed. One is the improved Picard method with iterations k on the coarse grid and number of multiple grids m (PI-MG(m , k)), and the other is the improved Picard method based on the cascadic multigrid method without parameter k (PI-NMG(m)). Three numerical examples are given to verify the effectiveness of the improved method. Results indicate that the convergence rate of PI is the slowest (10–25 nonlinear iterations per time step), followed by PI-MG(m , k) (3–5 nonlinear iterations), and PI-NMG(m) is the fastest (stable 2 nonlinear iterations). The computational efficiency of PI-NMG(m) is improved by about 90% relative to PI and by about 70% relative to AR-PI. This method can be applied to large-scale numerical calculation of seepage and deformation in unsaturated deforming porous media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ordinary differential equation is a powerful tool for analyzing optimization algorithm. Motivated by the fact, this paper revisits Halpern fixed-point algorithm from an ordinary differential equation. More specifically, we establish a second-order ordinary differential equation with Hessian-driven damping, which is the limit of Halpern fixed-point algorithm. The Hessian-driven damping makes it possible to significantly attenuate the oscillations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CdS/CdWO 4 heterojunction photocatalysts based on two crystal forms of CdWO 4 were synthesized via an in-situ anion-exchange reaction. • CdS/M-CdWO 4 follows the traditional type II charge transfer mechanism. • For CdS/T-CdWO 4 with oxygen vacancies, the charge transfer shifts to S-scheme transport mechanism. • Compared to CdS/M-CdWO 4 , the CdS/T-CdWO 4 gives a 14-fold enhanced H 2 evolution rate under the full spectrum irradiation. • It realized improved photocatalytic performance from the point of polycrystalline engineering and surface defects. Regulation of the carrier migration path in heterojunction photocatalysts is an effective strategy to improve the performance of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Herein, CdS/CdWO 4 heterojunction photocatalysts based on two crystal forms of CdWO 4 were synthesized via an in-situ anion-exchange reaction. It was discovered that crystal structure and surface defect have a significant impact on the charge carrier migration mechanism during photocatalysis. When CdS was loaded onto monoclinic CdWO 4 (M-CdWO 4), the resulting CdS/M-CdWO 4 heterojunction followed the conventional type- II charge transfer mechanism. In contrast, tetragonal CdWO 4 (T-CdWO 4) with a substantial number of oxygen vacancies resulted in the CdS/T-CdWO 4 composite adopting an S-scheme transport mechanism. Driven by the distinct carrier migration path, the CdS/T-CdWO 4 heterojunction demonstrated superior hydrogen evolution performance compared to the CdS/M-CdWO 4. Significantly, the hydrogen evolution rate of CdS/T-CdWO 4 was 2.56 mmol h−1 g−1, which is about 14 times higher than CdS/M-CdWO 4. The excellent photocatalytic activity of CdS/T-CdWO 4 could be mainly ascribed to the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers and the higher reduction capacity showcasing in S-scheme. Several techniques such as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and selective photodeposition were employed to confirm the regulation of the carrier migration path from type II to S-scheme over CdS-loaded CdWO 4 polymorphs. This study provides comprehensive insights into the construction of highly efficient photocatalytic heterojunctions in the viewpoint of polymorph engineering and surface defects from a deeper perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies show that the API p - y method may underestimate the pile-soil initial stiffness of offshore wind turbine (OWT) monopiles in clay while overestimate that in sand. To facilitate the reliability-based design of OWT monopiles with the API p - y design method, a two-stage evaluation method of the model bias factor for the p - y method (ε py) of monopiles under the serviceability limit state (SLS) was presented. The model bias factor ε py is derived by comparing field test data with high-fidelity 3D finite element model (FEM) results, and the p - y method predictions, addressing the issues of limited field test data for OWT monopiles. Results show that the mean of the model bias factor ε py depends on the characteristics of piles, the soil properties, and the composition of the layered ground. The systematic dependency is expressed by a trend function and the residual model bias factor follows a lognormal distribution with a mean of 1.01 and a COV of 0.14. The significance of the model uncertainty is illustrated using a case study. The results of the field example show that the design in clay sites may be considerably conservative and may be less conservative in sand sites if ignoring the model uncertainty. The result of this work can provide a basis for promoting reliability-based design for OWT monopiles. • A two-stage approach is presented to characterize the model bias factor for the API p-y method of OWT monopiles underSLS. • The proposed approach addresses the issues of limited field test data for OWT monopiles. • The model bias factor is applied to evaluate the reliability index of OWT monopiles under SLS in a real project in China. • Ignoring the model bias factor causes a conservative design in clay sites and a less conservative design in sand sites. • The result of this work can provide a basis for promoting reliability-based design for OWT monopiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular response to pharmacological action of drugs is significant for drug development. Traditional detection method for cellular response to drugs normally rely on cell proliferation assay and metabolomics examination. In principle, these analytical methods often required cell labeling, invasion analysis, and hours of co-culture with drugs, which are relatively complex and time-consuming. Moreover, these methods can only indicate the drug effectiveness on cell colony rather than single cells. Thus, to meet the requirements of personal precision medicine, the development of drug response analysis on the high resolution of single cell is demanded. To provide precise result for drug response on single-cell level, a microfluidic platform coupled with the label-free hyperspectral imaging was developed. With the help of horizontal single-cell trapping sieves, hundreds of single cells were trapped independently in microfluidic channels for the purposes of real-time drug delivery and single-cell hyperspectral image recording. To significantly identify the cellular hyperspectral change after drug stimulation, the differenced single-cell spectrum was proposed. Compared with the deep learning classification method based on hyperspectral images, an optimal performance can be achieved by the classification strategy based on differenced spectra. And the cellular response to different reagents, for example, K+, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), and Gefitinib at different concentrations can be accurately characterized by the differenced single-cell spectra analysis. The high-throughput, rapid analysis of cellular response to drugs at the single-cell level can be accurately performed by our platform. After systematically analyzing the materials and the structures of the single-cell microfluidic chip, the optimal single-cell trapping method was proposed to contribute to the further application of hyperspectral imaging on microfluidic single-cell analysis. And the hyperspectral characterization of single-cell with cancer drug stimulation proved the application potential of our method in personal cancer medication. [Display omitted] • A microfluidic single-cell chip with hundreds of single-cell traps was developed to simultaneously achieve single cell trapping, drug delivery, and hyperspectral image recording. • Two different analysis methods, the ANN model for hyperspectral images, and the algorithm of differenced single-cell spectra were systematically analyzed and compared. • The cellular response of A549 cells to different reagents, such as K+, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), and Gefitinib with different concentrations can be precisely characterized by the differenced single-cell spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) are a group of nutraceutical ingredients commonly distributed in human diets. Existing evidence has proven that they have various biological functions, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic activities, making them as "functional factor" for a long time. However, their properties of strong hydrophobicity, poor permeability, poor absorption, and rapid metabolism result in low oral bioavailability, which dramatically hinders their efficacy for use. Recently, free PTs have successively been found to self-assemble or co-assemble into self-contained nanostructures with enhanced water dispersibility and oral bioavailability, which seems to be an efficient processing method for increased oral efficacy. Of particular interest, formulating them into nanostructures can also be introduced as functional delivery carriers for bioactive compounds or drugs with various advantages, such as improved stability, controlled release, enhanced oral bioavailability, synergistic bioactivity, and targeted delivery. This review systematically summarized the chemical structures, plant sources, bioactivities, absorption, metabolism, and oral bioavailability of PTs. Notably, we emphasized their self-assembly properties and emerging role as functional delivery carriers for nutrients, suggesting that PT nanostructures are not only efficient oral forms when introduced into foods but also functional delivery materials for nutrients to expand their commercial food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parental psychopathology is associated with their children's posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). However, the mechanisms through which this occurs remain unclear. We hypothesized that exposure to childhood adversities is the mechanism linking parental psychopathology to child PTSS and that parenting practices moderated these associations. Methods: Participants (N = 1,402) with an average age of 24.03 years old (SD = 2.20), were all Puerto Ricans (50% Male and 50% Female) from the Boricua Youth Study, which is a four‐wave longitudinal study spanning almost 20 years, following individuals from childhood (ages 5–13 at Wave 1) to young adulthood. Measured variables include parental psychopathology at Wave 1, childhood adversities and parenting practices at Waves 2–3, and PTSS at Wave 4. A traditional mediation model estimated the association between parental psychopathology and child PTSS via childhood adversities. A moderated mediation model was used to examine whether parenting practices moderated this mediation model. Results: Results showed that the total effect of parental psychopathology at Wave 1 on PTSS at Wave 4 was fully mediated by childhood adversities at Waves 2–3 (direct effect b = 1.72, 95% CI = [−0.09, 3.83]; indirect effect b = 0.40, 95% CI = [0.15, 0.81]). In addition, the magnitude of this pathway varied by levels of parenting practices (i.e. parental monitoring and parent–child relationship quality). Specifically, the indirect effect of additional adversities in the psychopathology‐PTSS link was stronger with higher levels of parental monitoring but weaker with higher parent–child relationship quality scores. Conclusions: Intergenerational continuity of psychopathology may be mitigated through the prevention of additional childhood adversities via upstream interventions, emphasizing providing parents with mental health needs with parenting tools. Family‐based interventions focused on providing families with the tools to improve parent–child relationships may reduce the negative impact of childhood adversities on mental health across the life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles, energy storage power stations, and many other applications. Accurate and reliable monitoring of battery health status and remaining capacity is the key to establish a lithium-ion cell management system. In this paper, based on a Bayesian optimization algorithm, a deep neural network is structured to evaluate the whole charging curve of the battery using partial charging curve data as input. A 0.74 Ah battery is used for experiments, and the effect of different input data lengths is also investigated to check the high flexibility of the approach. The consequences show that using only 20 points of partial charging data as input, the whole charging profile of a cell can be exactly predicted with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of less than 19.16 mAh (2.59% of the nominal capacity of 0.74 Ah), and its mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is less than 1.84%. In addition, critical information including battery state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) can be extracted in this way to provide a basis for safe and long-lasting battery operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite increased attention to the positive development of left-behind adolescents, research findings remain inconclusive. Utilizing latent profile analysis, we identified various positive development profiles among the left-behind adolescents and explored the association between resilience and positive development profiles, alongside the mediating role of making sense of adversity. Methods: A multi-stage cluster sampling procedure was employed, randomly selecting four provinces–Zhejiang, Guangdong, Henan, and Jiangxi–from the central and coastal regions. The sample comprised 718 left-behind adolescents recruited from primary and junior high schools across grades 4, 5, 7, and 8. Three scales were utilized, and analyses included latent profile analysis and mediation analysis. Results: Three latent subgroups of positive development among left-behind adolescents were identified: low, moderate, and high. Those with higher resilience and positive perceptions of adversity tended to belong to the high group rather than the low (β = − 0.45, p < 0.001; β = − 0.09, p < 0.001) or moderate group (β = − 0.23, p < 0.001; β = − 0.04, p < 0.05). Left-behind adolescents with higher negative perceptions of adversity tended to belong to the high group rather than the moderate group (β = − 0.07, p < 0.01). Mediation analysis revealed that resilience facilitated the development of positive appraisals of adversity, subsequently increasing the likelihood of being categorized into the high (95% CI of − 0.09 to − 0.03) or moderate group (95% CI of − 0.05 to − 0.01) rather than the low group. Conclusion: These findings hold significant implications for intervention formulation. Educators should focus on strengthening resilience and fostering positive perceptions of adversity among the low group. For the moderate group, maintaining moderate negative perceptions of adversity may stimulate the intrinsic potential for positive development more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the rapidly changeable market, product innovation is critical for enterprises to improve their product competitiveness. Product innovation can be described as an evolutionary process of technical systems where the relationship between technologies follows the evolution from parasitism to symbiosis in technological parasitism theory. The existing research on the technological parasitism theory mainly focuses on explaining and verifying the evolution law of product systems from parasitism to symbiosis in the product innovation process. However, these research activities are a post-hoc summary, which limits the guidance for enterprises to proactively realize the evolution of products from parasitism to symbiosis in an ex-ante perspective. For the development of innovative products in the engineering field, enterprises lack an effective ex-ante design method to proactively find the appropriate parasitic technology, and integrate it with the host technology for the product system evolving towards a symbiotic state. To fill this gap, this paper proposes a product innovation design process based on the recombination of host and target genes under the technological parasitism framework. Product scenario analysis is used to explore the potential function needs to determine the search direction of parasitic technologies. The min-complement distance measure method is introduced to identify the appropriate parasitic technology. Based on four recombination operations, the construction process of new product genome through the recombination of host and target genes is proposed. The concept of new product is formed through the transcription of the product genome. The final scheme is developed objectively by using the coefficient variation method and Dempster combination rule. The proposed method is applied in the ex-ante design of a Chinese medicine dispensing machine for its feasibility and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic high sodium dietary intake is largely associated with the pathogenesis of some cardiovascular diseases, and processed solid foods are the main contributors to human sodium intake. Although many strategies have been effectively used to control sodium levels in these foods, reducing NaCl often leads to loss of flavor and reduced consumer acceptability. Therefore, a strategy for sodium reduction that maintains acceptability, especially applicable to solid foods, requires further research. One effective and applicable strategy is particle size reduction, which involves preparing NaCl microcrystals or nanocrystals to enhance saltiness in solid foods. The common strategies for sodium reduction in solid foods have been presented, followed by a discussion of various representative top-down, bottom-up, and combination technologies for crystal size reduction. Additionally, the factors influencing the application of NaCl microcrystals in solid foods, as well as the evaluation methods for assessing the saltiness enhancement effect, have been discussed. This article provides a comprehensive and practical sodium reduction strategy in solid food development while maintaining consumer acceptance from a long-term perceptive. • Reducing particle size effectively decreases sodium content. • A combination technology efficiently prepares NaCl microcrystals. • Both cellular and animal models are useful for evaluating saltiness enhancement. • Sensory evaluation methods are applicable for assessing the enhancement of saltiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrocyclic hosts can bind appropriate guests in endo‐cavity or exo‐wall modes to yield Host–Guest cocrystals via weak intermolecular forces. Contrary, it remains challenging to achieve their nonmacrocyclic partners with high‐efficiency fluorescence even lasing due to profound adaptive behaviors during guest inclusion. Here, a variety of low dispersity 1D and 2D assemblies made of a sterically demanding perylenediimide derivative (PDI) host and diverse aromatic guests are realized. Depending on the types and the substituted groups of aromatic guests, these Host–Guest microcrystals show high‐efficiency solid‐state emissions ranging from orange to near‐infrared (NIR). Interestingly, either electron‐deficient or electron‐rich guests can adapt to the cavity of the nonmacrocyclic PDI host in diverse geometries and orientations. Theoretical analysis indicates that the long‐wavelength emissions stem from local or charge‐transfer excited states and the Host–Guest Donor–Acceptor cocrystals are stabilized largely by dispersion forces. The binding of appropriate π‐electron guests makes the PDI‐derived Host–Guest microcrystals function as microscale lasers with low lasing thresholds. The rational creation of these nonmacrocyclic Host–Guest Donor–Acceptor cocrystals offers new insights for developing new crystal structures and high‐efficiency optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a fruit tree with great economic value, apple is widely cultivated in China. However, apple leaf spot disease causes significant damage to apple quality and economic value. In our study, we found that MdMYB6-like is a transcription factor without auto-activation activity and with three alternative spliced variants. Among them, MdMYB6-like-β responded positively to the pathogen infection. Overexpression of MdMYB6-like-β increased the lignin content of leaves and improved the pathogenic resistance of apple flesh callus. In addition, all three alternative spliced variants of MdMYB6-like could bind to the promoter of MdBGLU H. Therefore, we believe that MdMYB6-like plays an important role in the infection process of the pathogen and lays a solid foundation for breeding disease-resistant cultivars of apple in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptothecia and Myriostigma are important elements of crustose lichen communities in tropical to subtropical forests, but little research has been done on these two genera in China. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic approaches to investigate species diversity of Cryptothecia and Myriostigma from Southern China were carried out in this study. We find five species of Cryptothecia and Myriostigma in our study, including three new species (M. flavescens, M. hainana and M. laxipunctata) and two new records (C. bartlettii and C. inexspectata). In addition, a phylogenetic tree based on mtSSU, RPB2 and nLSU illustrates the placement of the five species and supports the delimitation of the three new taxa. Detailed descriptions of morphological, ecological and chemical characteristics and illustrations are provided for every species. A key to all known Chinese Cryptothecia and Myriostigma species is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial infection‐induced inflammatory response could cause irreversible death of pulp tissue in the absence of timely and effective therapy. Given that, the narrow structure of root canal limits the therapeutic effects of passive diffusion‐drugs, considerable attention has been drawn to the development of nanomotors, which have high tissue penetration abilities but generally face the problem of insufficient fuel concentration. To address this drawback, dual‐fuel propelled nanomotors (DPNMs) by encapsulating L‐arginine (L‐Arg), calcium peroxide (CaO2) in metal‐organic framework is developed. Under pathological environment, L‐Arg could release nitric oxide (NO) by reacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS) to provide the driving force for movement. Remarkably, the depleted ROS could be supplemented through the reaction between CaO2 with acids abundant in the inflammatory microenvironment. Owing to high diffusivity, NO achieves further tissue penetration based on the first‐stage propulsion of nanomotors, thereby removing deep‐seated bacterial infection. Results indicate that the nanomotors effectively eliminate bacterial infection based on antibacterial activity of NO, thereby blocking inflammatory response and oxidative damage, forming reparative dentine layer to avoid further exposure and infection. Thus, this work provides a propagable strategy to overcome fuel shortage and facilitates the therapy of deep lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractWith the increasing capacity of offshore wind turbines, the diameter of wind power monopiles has been continuously growing, leading to a significant decrease in the length-to-diameter ratio (L/D). Existing methods primarily focus on correcting the p-y curve due to increased pile diameter but fail to adequately consider the impact of changes in resistance components distribution resulting from a decreased L/D. This study aims to analyse the pile-soil interaction of large-diameter horizontally loaded monopiles by examining the distributed resistance components. Through finite element analysis and verification via engineering pile testing, the paper explores the resistance composition, deformation characteristics, and changes in resistance components of large-diameter monopiles. The findings reveal that the pile-soil horizontal resistance primarily governs the lateral bearing capacity of large-diameter monopiles for small range of length-to-diameter ratios (4 ∼ 10). It is found that the deformation mode of monopiles is controlled by the pile-soil relative stiffness. A p-y resistance component curve for large-diameter horizontally loaded monopiles under various interlayer states of sand and clay was proposed as a function of pile-soil relative stiffness. For engineering practice, a simple but useful method for evaluating and correcting the lateral bearing capacity of monopiles was demonstrated based on the proposed resistance component curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Constructed Co@CoO core–shell crosslinked frameworks on 3D Cu. • The crosslinked framework demonstrates the ability to hinder dendritic growth. • Co@CoO supplies abundant lithium-affinitive sites. • Co@CoO helps to build the Li 2 O-rich SEI. • The symmetric cells can stably cycle for 1400 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. Lithium metal anode with high energy density is important for developing next-generation batteries. However, low coulombic efficiency, short cycle life, internal short circuits caused by the growth of lithium dendrites, and the high reactivity with the electrolyte have seriously hindered the practical application of lithium metal anode. Herein, we constructed a core–shell cross-link matrix on copper, Co@CoO/3D Cu, for Li metal anode optimization. Various characterizations and DFT simulations jointly reveal the great effects of the special structural features of Co@CoO/3D Cu on enhancing the coulombic efficiency and cyclic stability of Li metal anodes. As a result, the modified half-cell could cycle stably for 240 cycles at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mA h cm−2 with a coulombic efficiency as high as 98 %. The modified symmetric cell could cycle stably for 1400 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mA h cm−2 with a very low polarization of 22 mV. The modification method proposed in this paper provides a novel path for Li metal anode optimizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hollow heterostructured hosts play a pivotal role in enhancing the efficiency of lithium-selenium sulfide batteries by addressing volume fluctuations, shuttle effects, and reaction kinetics of active sulfur/selenium-based species. However, constructing hollow hosts with multiphase interfaces and a unique design for optimizing the utilization and conversion of aggregated SeS 2 within their cavities remains a formidable challenge. In this context, we introduce a novel concept−triphasic ZnS/SnS 2 /CuS heterostructured ultrathin nanoflakes filled in N-doped carbon nanoboxes (ZnS/SnS 2 /CuS@NC)−as an innovative host for Li-SeS 2 batteries. The ZnS/SnS 2 /CuS@NC host facilitates dense contact between polar conductive sulfides and aggregated SeS 2 in the cores, thereby enhancing the actual capacity of SeS 2. Experimental and theoretical analyses reveal that the ZnS/SnS 2 /CuS@NC host possesses high binding energies and catalytic activity for polysulfides/polyselenides, attributed to increased adsorption interfaces, imbalanced charge distribution among interfaces, and high electrical conductivity. The sophisticated structure and composition of the ZnS/SnS 2 /CuS@NC-SeS 2 cathode yield impressive performance, achieving a high capacity of 565.9 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 1.5 C, and a notable area capacity of 4.16 mAh cm−2 at 0.5 C (5.3 mg cm−2). This study unveils, for the first time, the functional role of the triphasic metal sulfide host and provides in-depth insights into its atomic-level accelarating conversion mechanism towards SeS 2. The research findings pave the way for designing and optimizing hollow hosts, offering a promising direction for realizing high-performance Li-SeS 2 batteries and beyond. [Display omitted] • ZnS/SnS 2 /CuS nanoflakes filled in carbon nanoboxes were fabricated as a novel SeS 2 host. • The structural advantages of hosts were revealed by experiments and theoretical analysis. • The utilization of SeS 2 within the cavities of hollow hosts was significantly improved. • The composite cathode exhibits high-stability under high loading while retaining a large capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Electron transfer ratio succeeds in quantitatively design high-affinity Pd2+ ligand. • Multidentate S/N-containing ligands gifted polystyrene excellent adsorption capacity. • Remarkable practicability was achieved as 99.8 % removal rate and 2 ppm residual Pd2+. • Adsorption capacity consistent with ETR tendency certified accuracy and efficiency. • Spontaneous endothermic inter/intramolecular coordination occurred by BD and Pd2+. How to quantitatively describe metal–ligand interactions is the key to design high-affinity ligand. In this study, the electron transfer ratio (ETR), which correlated 34 chemical ligands with the electron donating ability, allowed for obtaining six high affinity multidentate S/N-containing ligands, and the interactions were further analyzed by frontier orbital and electrostatic potential calculation. Furthermore, six corresponding ligand-modified polystyrene framework materials were prepared by efficient derivatization of isothiocyanates and primary amines. The optimal material CMPS-BD had an adsorption capacity up to 4.07 mmol/g with good tolerance to different organic solvents. CMPS-BD exhibited excellent adsorption efficiency in combination with kinetics, thermodynamics, selectivity and regeneration performance. Moreover, the remarkable practicability was achieved as the removal rate reached 99.8 %, and the residual Pd2+ concentrations were reduced to less than 5 mg/L in three kinds of Pd-catalytic reaction waste liquids. Through mechanism analysis, 1 mmol ligand FA ∼ BD could bind 0.75 ∼ 1.74 mmol Pd2+ which was consistent with the ETR tendency, certifying the accuracy and efficiency of this method. Intensive DFT calculations revealed that the optimal ligand BD could generate a variety of spontaneous endothermic intermolecular and intramolecular coordination reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of urinary PAHs on MAFLD.The study included 3,136 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2009 and 2016. Among them, 1,056 participants were diagnosed with MAFLD and were designated as the case group. The analysis of the relationship between monohydroxy metabolites of seven PAHs in urine and MAFLD was carried out using logistic regression and Bayesian kernel regression (BKMR) models.In single-pollutant models, the concentration of 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHNAP) was positively correlated with MAFLD (OR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.18, 1.84), whereas 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-OHFLU) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPYR) demonstrated a negative correlation with MAFLD (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.48 0.73; OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.55, 0.89). Conversely, in multi-pollutant models, 2-OHNAP, 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHFLU), 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (2&3-OHPHE) displayed positive correlations with MAFLD (OR = 6.17, 95% CI 3.15, 12.07; OR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.37, 4.89). However, 3-OHFLU and 1-OHPYR continued to exhibit negative correlations with MAFLD (OR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.05, 0.15; OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.43, 0.88). Notably, the BKMR analysis mixtures approach did not indicate a significant joint effect of multiple PAHs on MAFLD, but identified interactions between 3-OHFLU and 2-OHFLU, 1-OHPYR and 2-OHFLU, and 1-OHPYR and 3-OHFLU.No significant association was found between mixed PAHs exposure and the risk of MAFLD. However, interactions were observed between 3-OHFLU and 2-OHFLU. Both 2-OHFLU and 2&3-OHPHE exposure are significant risk factors for MAFLD, whereas 3-OHFLU is a key protective factor for the disease.Methods: To investigate the effect of urinary PAHs on MAFLD.The study included 3,136 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2009 and 2016. Among them, 1,056 participants were diagnosed with MAFLD and were designated as the case group. The analysis of the relationship between monohydroxy metabolites of seven PAHs in urine and MAFLD was carried out using logistic regression and Bayesian kernel regression (BKMR) models.In single-pollutant models, the concentration of 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHNAP) was positively correlated with MAFLD (OR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.18, 1.84), whereas 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-OHFLU) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPYR) demonstrated a negative correlation with MAFLD (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.48 0.73; OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.55, 0.89). Conversely, in multi-pollutant models, 2-OHNAP, 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHFLU), 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (2&3-OHPHE) displayed positive correlations with MAFLD (OR = 6.17, 95% CI 3.15, 12.07; OR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.37, 4.89). However, 3-OHFLU and 1-OHPYR continued to exhibit negative correlations with MAFLD (OR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.05, 0.15; OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.43, 0.88). Notably, the BKMR analysis mixtures approach did not indicate a significant joint effect of multiple PAHs on MAFLD, but identified interactions between 3-OHFLU and 2-OHFLU, 1-OHPYR and 2-OHFLU, and 1-OHPYR and 3-OHFLU.No significant association was found between mixed PAHs exposure and the risk of MAFLD. However, interactions were observed between 3-OHFLU and 2-OHFLU. Both 2-OHFLU and 2&3-OHPHE exposure are significant risk factors for MAFLD, whereas 3-OHFLU is a key protective factor for the disease.Results: To investigate the effect of urinary PAHs on MAFLD.The study included 3,136 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2009 and 2016. Among them, 1,056 participants were diagnosed with MAFLD and were designated as the case group. The analysis of the relationship between monohydroxy metabolites of seven PAHs in urine and MAFLD was carried out using logistic regression and Bayesian kernel regression (BKMR) models.In single-pollutant models, the concentration of 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHNAP) was positively correlated with MAFLD (OR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.18, 1.84), whereas 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-OHFLU) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPYR) demonstrated a negative correlation with MAFLD (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.48 0.73; OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.55, 0.89). Conversely, in multi-pollutant models, 2-OHNAP, 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHFLU), 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (2&3-OHPHE) displayed positive correlations with MAFLD (OR = 6.17, 95% CI 3.15, 12.07; OR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.37, 4.89). However, 3-OHFLU and 1-OHPYR continued to exhibit negative correlations with MAFLD (OR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.05, 0.15; OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.43, 0.88). Notably, the BKMR analysis mixtures approach did not indicate a significant joint effect of multiple PAHs on MAFLD, but identified interactions between 3-OHFLU and 2-OHFLU, 1-OHPYR and 2-OHFLU, and 1-OHPYR and 3-OHFLU.No significant association was found between mixed PAHs exposure and the risk of MAFLD. However, interactions were observed between 3-OHFLU and 2-OHFLU. Both 2-OHFLU and 2&3-OHPHE exposure are significant risk factors for MAFLD, whereas 3-OHFLU is a key protective factor for the disease.Conclusion: To investigate the effect of urinary PAHs on MAFLD.The study included 3,136 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2009 and 2016. Among them, 1,056 participants were diagnosed with MAFLD and were designated as the case group. The analysis of the relationship between monohydroxy metabolites of seven PAHs in urine and MAFLD was carried out using logistic regression and Bayesian kernel regression (BKMR) models.In single-pollutant models, the concentration of 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHNAP) was positively correlated with MAFLD (OR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.18, 1.84), whereas 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-OHFLU) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPYR) demonstrated a negative correlation with MAFLD (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.48 0.73; OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.55, 0.89). Conversely, in multi-pollutant models, 2-OHNAP, 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHFLU), 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (2&3-OHPHE) displayed positive correlations with MAFLD (OR = 6.17, 95% CI 3.15, 12.07; OR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.37, 4.89). However, 3-OHFLU and 1-OHPYR continued to exhibit negative correlations with MAFLD (OR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.05, 0.15; OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.43, 0.88). Notably, the BKMR analysis mixtures approach did not indicate a significant joint effect of multiple PAHs on MAFLD, but identified interactions between 3-OHFLU and 2-OHFLU, 1-OHPYR and 2-OHFLU, and 1-OHPYR and 3-OHFLU.No significant association was found between mixed PAHs exposure and the risk of MAFLD. However, interactions were observed between 3-OHFLU and 2-OHFLU. Both 2-OHFLU and 2&3-OHPHE exposure are significant risk factors for MAFLD, whereas 3-OHFLU is a key protective factor for the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing artificial solid electrolyte interface on the Zn anode surface is recognized as an appealing method to inhibit zinc dendrites and side reactions, whereas the current techniques are complex and time‐consuming. Here, a robust and zincophilic zinc tungstate (ZnWO4) layer has been in situ constructed on the Zn anode surface (denoted as ZWO@Zn) by an ultrafast chemical solution reaction. Comprehensive characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the ZWO layer can effectively modulate the interfacial electric field distribution and promote the Zn2+ uniform diffusion, thus facilitating the uniform Zn2+ nucleation and suppressing zinc dendrites. Besides, ZWO layer can prevent direct contact between the Zn/water and increase the hydrogen evolution reaction overpotential to eliminate side reactions. Consequently, the in situ constructed ZWO layer facilitates remarkable reversibility in the ZWO@Zn||Ti battery, achieving an impressive Coulombic efficiency of 99.36 % under 1.0 mA cm−2, unprecedented cycling lifespan exceeding 1800 h under 1.0 mA cm−2 in ZWO@Zn||ZWO@Zn battery, and a steady and reliable operation of the overall ZWO@Zn||VS2 battery. The work provides a simple, low cost, and ultrafast pathway to crafting protective layers for driving advancements in aqueous zinc‐metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing artificial solid electrolyte interface on the Zn anode surface is recognized as an appealing method to inhibit zinc dendrites and side reactions, whereas the current techniques are complex and time‐consuming. Here, a robust and zincophilic zinc tungstate (ZnWO4) layer has been in situ constructed on the Zn anode surface (denoted as ZWO@Zn) by an ultrafast chemical solution reaction. Comprehensive characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the ZWO layer can effectively modulate the interfacial electric field distribution and promote the Zn2+ uniform diffusion, thus facilitating the uniform Zn2+ nucleation and suppressing zinc dendrites. Besides, ZWO layer can prevent direct contact between the Zn/water and increase the hydrogen evolution reaction overpotential to eliminate side reactions. Consequently, the in situ constructed ZWO layer facilitates remarkable reversibility in the ZWO@Zn||Ti battery, achieving an impressive Coulombic efficiency of 99.36 % under 1.0 mA cm−2, unprecedented cycling lifespan exceeding 1800 h under 1.0 mA cm−2 in ZWO@Zn||ZWO@Zn battery, and a steady and reliable operation of the overall ZWO@Zn||VS2 battery. The work provides a simple, low cost, and ultrafast pathway to crafting protective layers for driving advancements in aqueous zinc‐metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately assessing cyclone intensity changes due to global warming is crucial for predicting and mitigating sequential hazards. This study develops a high-resolution, fully coupled air–sea model to investigate the impact of global warming on Supertyphoon Mangkhut (2018). A numerical sensitivity analysis is conducted using the pseudo–global warming (PGW) technique based on multiple global climate models (GCMs) from phase 6 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Under ocean warming scenarios, the increasing average sea surface temperature (SST) by 2.26°, 2.44°, 3.45°, and 4.53°C results in reductions in the minimum sea level pressure by 9.2, 10.6, 15.7, and 19.4 hPa, respectively, compared to the original state of Typhoon Mangkhut. Rising SST increases the turbulent heat flux; to be specific, an average SST increase of 2.26°–4.53°C changes the turbulent heat flux into 177%–272% of the original value. Besides, stronger winds enhance SST cooling, including upwelling and entrainment, leading to an increase in the mixed layer depth (MLD). Tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP) tends to be enhanced under the combined influences as the SST rises. An average increase in the SST of 2.26°, 2.44°, 3.45°, and 4.53°C leads to an increase in the TCHP of 9.94%, 9.85%, 14.67%, and 15.30%, respectively. However, future changes in atmospheric temperature and humidity will moderate typhoon intensification induced by ocean warming. Considering atmospheric conditions, the maximum wind speed decreases by approximately 10% compared to only considering ocean warming. Nevertheless, typhoon intensity is projected to strengthen under future climate change. Significance Statement: This study examines the role of global warming in typhoon intensity and the response of typhoon events to changes in the oceanic thermal structure. Sensitivity experiments considering future warming climates are conducted using a fully coupled air–sea numerical model. An average increase in sea surface temperature (SST) by 4.53°C can lead to a reduction in the minimum sea level pressure by 19.4 hPa. Ocean warming enhances oceanic mixing, potentially increasing the availability of heat energy for typhoon's development (i.e., an average increase in SST by 4.53°C leads to a 15.30% increase in heat energy). However, future changes in atmospheric temperature and humidity will moderate the intensification of typhoons induced by ocean warming. These results are expected to provide information for assessing the future changes in typhoon intensity under a warming climate, which is important for predicting and reducing sequential risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-performance K-NH 4 V 4 O 10 (K-NVO) cathode with K+ doping was synthesized successfully through one-step hydrothermal method, which exhibits lower barriers for Zn2+ diffusion and superior stability, leading to excellent electrochemical performance. [Display omitted] Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs), defined by low expenses, superior safety, and plentiful reserves, demonstrate tremendous development potential in energy storage systems at the grid scale. Whereas the cathode instability and the limited diffusion of Zn2+ have impeded the development of AZIBs. Herein, a high-performance K-NH 4 V 4 O 10 (K-NVO) cathode with K+ doping synthesized successfully through one-step hydrothermal approach. Experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that K-NVO has Zn2+ diffusion pathways with lower barriers for smoother transport, and lower formation energy. The combination of the rapid Zn2+ diffusion and the stable structure results in outstanding electrochemical performance of K-NVO as demonstrated in tests. K-NVO cathode achieves a specific capacity of 406 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1, maintains satisfactory cyclic stability with 81.6 % capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 5 A g−1, and possesses a high energy density of 350.9 Wh kg−1. Furthermore, confirmation of the zinc storage mechanism in K-NVO was carried out through Ex situ tests, such as XRD and XPS. This research contributes a unique perspective to the formulation of high-performance cathode materials for AZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hard carbon with randomly oriented interlayers is the most promising candidate for the anode of commercial sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Nevertheless, its sluggish sodium storage kinetics and unsatisfactory cycling stability are bottlenecks to its implementation. Herein, a metal‐single atom modification strategy is proposed to construct a Ni‐single atoms modified N, P co‐doped hard carbon (Ni‐NPC) with a Ni content of ≈5.65 wt%. As an anode for SIBs, Ni‐NPC exhibits far superior initial Coulombic efficiency, reversible specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability to N, P co‐doped hard carbon. Combining in situ EIS and ex‐situ XPS,this study reveals that Ni‐single atoms modulate the composition of the solid electrolyte interface layer, thereby improving the cycling stability of Ni‐NPC. Theoretical calculation and kinetics analysis suggest that Ni‐single atoms are the promoters of the diffusion of Na+. Furthermore, with the aid of systematic in situ characterizations, the structural evolution of Ni‐NPC at different sodium storage stages is identified. This work proposes a potential strategy for simultaneously improving the sodium storage kinetics and cycling stability of hard carbon anodes, and elucidates the improvement mechanism of this strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plastic deformation of TWIP steel is greatly inhibited during the expansion process. The stress–strain curves obtained through expansion experiments and observations of fracture morphology confirmed the low plastic behavior of TWIP steel during expansion deformation. Through an analysis of the mechanical expansion model, it was found that the expansion process has a lower stress coefficient and a faster strain rate than stretching, which inhibits the plasticity of TWIP steel during expansion deformation. Using metallographic microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and EBSD to observe the twin morphology during expansion deformation and tensile deformation, it was found that expansion deformation has a higher twin density, which is manifested in a denser twin arrangement and a large number of twin deliveries in the microscopic morphology. During the expansion deformation process, dislocation slips are hindered by twins, the free path of the slips is reduced, and dislocations accumulate significantly. The accumulation area is the initial point of crack expansion. The results show that the significant dislocation accumulation caused by the delivery of a large number of twins under expansion deformation is the main reason for the decrease in the plasticity of TWIP steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) hold significant promise in the future energy storage market. However, the uncontrolled growth of zinc dendrites and the occurrence of side reactions severely constrain the practical deployment of ZIBs. To address these challenges, this study suggests incorporating H3BO3 (HBO) as an electrolyte additive into the ZnSO4 electrolyte, with the aim of inducing preferential growth of the (002) plane. HBO molecules selectively adsorb onto the (100) and (101) planes of zinc, promoting the deposition of Zn2+ ions into the (002) plane and resulting in the formation of a uniformly deposited layer while concurrently inhibiting side reactions. The results demonstrate that ZnǁZn symmetric batteries, with the HBO additive, exhibit stable cycling at high current density, achieving a cycling life of 1100 h at 10 and 10 mAh cm−2 as well as 250 h at 50% depth of discharge. Furthermore, the ZnǁVO2 coin cell demonstrates stable cycling for 1700 cycles at 1 A g−1 and 7000 cycles at 5 A g−1. This study presents a promising case for the commercialization of advanced ZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure and properties of materials are determined by a diverse range of chemical bond formation and breaking mechanisms, which greatly motivates the development of selectively controlling the chemical bonds in order to achieve materials with specific characteristics. Here, an orientational intervening bond‐breaking strategy is demonstrated for synthesizing ultrathin metal–organic framework (MOF) nanosheets through balancing the process of thermal decomposition and liquid nitrogen exfoliation. In such approach, proper thermal treatment can weaken the interlayer bond while maintaining the stability of the intralayer bond in the layered MOFs. And the following liquid nitrogen treatment results in significant deformation and stress in the layered MOFs' structure due to the instant temperature drop and drastic expansion of liquid N2, leading to the curling, detachment, and separation of the MOF layers. The produced MOF nanosheets with five cycles of treatment are primarily composed of nanosheets that are less than 10 nm in thickness. The MOF nanosheets exhibit enhanced catalytic performance in oxygen evolution reactions owing to the ultrathin thickness without capping agents which provide improved charge transfer efficiency and dense exposed active sites. This strategy underscores the significance of orientational intervention in chemical bonds to engineer innovative materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]