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Background: Agar-like zona pellucida (ZP) is the most common type of abnormal ZP, and is one of the causes of low fertility or infertility. However, the molecular mechanism of agar-like ZP is unclear. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis was used to assess the cellular and molecular landscape of oocytes with agar-like ZP. Methods: Human metaphase I (MI) oocytes were collected from four patients with agar-like ZP and four healthy donors. Total RNA was isolated, cDNA was synthesized, and libraries were generated and subsequently sequenced on a HiSeq 2500 instrument. The scRNA-seq data were analyzed with R software. Results: We identified 1320 genes that were differentially expressed between agar-like ZP oocytes and healthy donor oocytes. Gene Ontology term enrichment results showed that the genes downregulated in agar-like ZP oocytes were significantly related to extracellular matrix organization, while the genes upregulated in agar-like ZP oocytes were significantly related to the regulation of response to DNA damage stimulus. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment results showed that genes were enriched in the ECM-receptor interaction pathway and focal adhesion pathway. Other signaling pathways important in oocyte development were also enriched, such as PI3K-Akt. Differential expression analysis identified UBC, TLR4, RELA, ANXA5, CAV1, KPNA2, CCNA2, ACTA2, FYN and ITGB3 as genetic markers of oocytes with agar-like ZP. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that agar-like ZP oocytes exhibit significant downregulation of genes involved in the ECM-receptor interaction signaling pathway and focal adhesion pathway, which could lead to aberrant ZP formation, while the upregulated genes were significantly related to regulation of the response to DNA damage stimulus. Agar-like ZP formation may interfere with the normal exchange of signals between oocytes and perivitelline granulosa cells, thereby preventing cumulus cells from participating in oocyte DNA damage repair and causing MI arrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abuse and irrational use of tetracyclines (TCs) in human medicine and animal husbandry has become a serious concern, affecting the ecological environment and human health. The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive and selective method using fully automatic solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of twelve TCs in water. Four isotope-labeled internal standards for TCs were used to correct matrix effects. Several parameters affecting extraction efficiency were systematically optimized, and the optimum experimental conditions found were 1.0 L water sample with 0.5 g/L Na2EDTA (pH 3.0) extracted and enriched by CNW HLB cartridge and eluted by 4 mL of acetone:methanol (v/v, 1:1). The enrichment factors were up to 798−1059 but only requiring about 60 min per six samples. Under the optimized conditions, the linearity of the method ranged from 0.2 to 100 μg/L for 12 TCs, the detection limits were as low as 0.01−0.15 ng/L, and the recoveries were in the range of 70%–118%, with relative standard deviations less than 15%. The developed method can be successfully utilized for the determination of 12 TCs in pure water, tap water, river water, and mariculture seawater. In summary, three and six TCs were detected in river water and mariculture seawater, respectively, with total concentrations of 0.074–0.520 ng/L (mean 0.248 ng/L) and 0.792–58.369 ng/L (12.629 ng/L), respectively. Tetracycline (TC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) were the dominant TCs in river water, while doxytetracycline (DXC) and OTC were dominant in mariculture seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several research efforts have found that older schizophrenia patients are at higher risk for suicide. Related risk factors for suicide attempts in the elderly with schizophrenia are poorly understood. This study sought to assess the prevalence of suicide attempts and related risk variables in schizophrenia patients over the age of 50. Methods: We recruited 591 elderly patients over the age of 50. Demographic, clinical and blood parameters of all patients were collected. Patients with schizophrenia were evaluated for psychopathological symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Results: The rate of suicide attempts among elderly Chinese schizophrenia patients was 15.2%. In these elderly schizophrenia patients, those who with suicide attempts had significantly higher scores for insomnia, depression and smoking addiction, and higher levels of red blood cells, Hc1 glycosylated hemoglobin and free T3, but significantly lower levels of hypersensitive C‐reactive protein and ‐globulin. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that higher depression scores and smoking addiction were risk factors for suicide attempts in these patients. Additionally, multiple regression analyses showed that higher BMI and insomnia scores were associated with suicide risk scores in elderly schizophrenia patients. Conclusions: Our research shows that there is a high incidence of suicide attempts in people over 50 years of age with schizophrenia. A number of clinically relevant factors and metabolic markers are associated with suicide attempts among elderly patients with schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water eutrophication caused by nitrogen pollution is an urgent global issue that requires attention. The Qingyi River is a typical micro-polluted river in China. In this study, we took this river as the research object to investigate the nitrogen pollution purification capacity of a herbaceous plant, Rumex japonicus Houtt. (RJH). Compared to nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 −-N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO 2 −-N), RJH showed better purification performance on total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and ammonia nitrogen (NH 4 +-N), with a highest removal rate of 37.22%, 52.13%, and 100%, respectively. RJH could completely remove ammonia nitrogen and exhibit excellent resistance to pollutant interference when the initial concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the cultivation devices increased from 1 mg/L to 10 mg/L or in the actual river. This indicated the great application potential of RJH in ammonia nitrogen removal from natural micro-polluted rivers. In addition, combined effects of nitrification of roots, absorption of self-growth, stripping, and others contributed to nitrogen removal by RJH. Particularly, the nitrification of roots played a dominant role, accounting for 73.85% ± 8.79%. High-throughput sequencing results indicate that nitrifying bacteria accounted for over 75% of all bacterial species in RJH. Furthermore, RJH showed good growth status and strong adaptability. The correlation coefficients of its relative growth rate with chlorophyll A and the degradation rate of absorption were 0.9677 and 0.9594, respectively. Our research demonstrates that RJH is one of the excellent varieties for ammonia removal. This provides a very promising and sustainable method for purifying micro-polluted rivers. [Display omitted] • A Rumex japonicus Houtt.(RJH)-based phytoremediation technology was proposed. • Nitrification, absorption, stripping and other effects influenced ammonia removal. • Nitrification of roots accounted for 73.85% ± 8.79% of the total degradation rate. • The good growth status and strong purification ability of RJH were verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A dual-site lysosome-targeted fluorescent sensor based on benzothiazole derivative was synthesized. • It exhibited distinct fluorescence signals for detection of HClO and ONOO− with high sensitivity, good selectivity and fast response. • It could utilize to track HClO and ONOO− in living cell and zebrafish. As two of important highly reactive species / nitrogen species, hypochloric acid (HClO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) are involved in various pathological and physiological processes, which are important factors that affect and reflect the functional state of lysosome. Nevertheless, many of their roles are still indefinite because of lack of suitable analytical methods for HClO and ONOO− detection in lysosome. Herein, we designed a lysosome-targeted probe to monitor HClO and ONOO−, which was a hydrid of the benzothiazole derivative, methyl thioether (HClO recognition site) and morpholino hydrazone (ONOO− recognition and lysosome target site). The probe exhibited high sensitivity, good selectivity and fast response toward HClO and ONOO− without spectral crosstalk, and can be employed for quantitative monitoring HClO and ONOO− with LOD of 63 and 83 nM, respectively. In addition, the dual-site probe was lysosome targetable and could be used for detection of HClO and ONOO− in living cells. Furthermore, the excellent behavior made it was suitable for imaging of HClO and ONOO− in zebrafish. Thus, the present probe provides a potent tool for distinguishing monitoring HClO and ONOO− and exploring the role of HClO and ONOO− in biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The semantic neural routes in contemporary models of visual word recognition are mainly constructed based on lexical-semantic processing. However, the neural bases of processing semantic cues embodied in sub-lexical units are less clear. The current fMRI study takes the ideographic property of Chinese characters (The semantic radical can provide a semantic cue for the character's meaning) to explore the brain mechanisms of sub-lexical semantic processing and its interaction with lexical-semantic processing in a lexical decision task. The GLM results and further ROI analysis revealed that the lexical-semantic processing relied on the left posterior Middle Temporal Gyrus (pMTG) and Angular Gyrus (AG); the sub-lexical semantic processing relied on the left middle MTG (mMTG) and AG; their integration relied on the left Anterior Temporal Lobe (ATL). It sheds light on investigating the neural circuit of the semantic processing in visual word reading. • A fMRI study distinguished brain regions for the lexical and sub-lexical semantic processing in Chinese character reading. • The lexical-semantic processing relied on left pMTG and AG; the sub-lexical semantic processing relied on left mMTG and AG. • The left ATL played an important role in integrating the lexical and sub-lexical semantic meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the main raw material for producing graphene is graphite ore. However, researchers actively seek alternative resources due to their high cost and environmental problems. Biomass waste has attracted much attention due to its carbon-rich structure and renewability, emerging as a potential raw material for graphene production to be used in sports equipment. However, further progress is required on the quality of graphene produced from waste biomass. This paper, therefore, summarizes the properties, structures, and production processes of graphene and its derivatives, as well as the inherent advantages of biomass waste-derived graphene. Finally, this paper reviews graphene's importance and application prospects in sports since this wonder material has made sports equipment available with high-strength and lightweight quality. Moreover, its outstanding thermal and electrical conductivity is exploited to prepare wearable sensors to collect more accurate sports data, thus helping to improve athletes' training levels and competitive performance. Although the large-scale production of biomass waste-derived graphene has yet to be realized, it is expected that its application will expand to various other fields due to the associated low cost and environmental friendliness of the preparation technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psychotic major depression (PMD) is characterized by major depressive disorder (MDD) accompanied by delusions or hallucinations. While the prevalence of PMD and its association with anxiety have been studied, gender-specific differences and the role of thyroid hormones in PMD-related anxiety remain less explored. Methods: A total of 1718 first-episode and drug-naïve MDD patients was assessed for the presence of PMD and severe anxiety. Clinical assessments, including Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) scale, were conducted to assess depression, anxiety, psychotic symptoms, and clinical severity, respectively. Blood samples were collected to measure thyroid function parameters. Results: The prevalence of severe anxiety was higher in PMD patients compared to non-psychotic MDD patients (71.3% vs. 5.3%). No significant gender differences were observed in the prevalence of severe anxiety among PMD patients. However, elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and increased depression severity (HAMD scores) were identified as independent risk factors for severe anxiety in female PMD patients. In contrast, no significant risk factors were found in male PMD patients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUCROC) analysis revealed that the HAMD score and TSH level showed acceptable discriminatory capacity for distinguishing between female PMD patients with and without severe anxiety. Conclusion: This study highlights the heightened prevalence of severe anxiety in PMD patients, with TSH levels and depression severity emerging as gender-specific risk factors for anxiety in females. These findings suggest the importance of thyroid hormone assessment and tailored interventions for managing anxiety in female PMD patients. Highlights: Severe anxiety is more prevalent in individuals with psychotic major depression compared to non-psychotic major depression. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels emerge as an independent risk factor for severe anxiety, specifically in female PMD patients. Depression severity, as measured by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores, significantly influences severe anxiety in female PMD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing but limited literature on psychological distress among Chinese students, especially the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, using a longitudinal comparison between in school and at home. This study aimed to assess the psychological status of adolescents in school and related risk and protective factors. We surveyed 13,637 adolescents before the COVID-19 outbreak (T1) and 10,216 after two months of home confinement (T2). The 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess depressive symptoms or the severity of depression among the adolescents. In addition, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scales were also used to screen for experiences of abuse and neglect and to measure resilience in adolescents. At baseline, 22.34% reported depressive symptoms. At T2, this rate decreased to 14.86%. When adolescents were in school, age (P <.0001), gender (P <.0001), and experience of abuse (P <.0001) were risk factors, while parent–child relationship (P <.0001), and resilience (P <.0001) were protective factors for depressive symptoms. After leaving school, age and physical abuse were no longer risk factors for depression. The negative impact of school education on the mental health of adolescents in China exceeds even the impact of the pandemic and home isolation. The focus should be on those adolescents with abuse experience and poor parent–child relationships to prevent the onset of psychological and psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early identification of high-risk patients with Major depressive disorder (MDD) having suicide attempts (SAs) is essential for timely targeted and tailored psychological interventions and medications. This study aimed to develop and validate a web-based dynamic nomogram as a personalized predictor of SA in MDD patients. A dynamic nomogram was developed using data collected from 1718 patients in China. The dynamic model was established based on a machine learning-based regression technique in the training cohort. We validated the nomogram internally using 1000 bootstrap replications. The nomogram performance was assessed using estimates of discrimination (via the concordance index) and calibration (calibration plots). The nomogram incorporated five predictors, including Hamilton anxiety rating scale (odds ratio [OR]: 1.255), marital status (OR: 0.618), clinical global impressions (OR: 2.242), anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (OR: 1.002), and systolic pressure levels (OR: 1.037). The model demonstrated good overall discrimination (Harrell's C-index = 0.823). Using decision curve analysis, this model also demonstrated good clinical applicability. An online web server was constructed (https://odywong.shinyapps.io/PRSM/) to facilitate the use of the nomogram. Based on these results, our study developed a nomogram to predict SA in MDD patients. The application of this nomogram may help for patients and clinicians to make decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallium nitride (GaN) devices switch faster than silicon devices, making them more vulnerable to significant switching oscillations. To reduce the effect of crosstalk in GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor (GaN HEMT)-based bridges, this paper introduces a passive clamp circuit to restrain gate source voltage oscillations. Utilizing resistive and capacitive diodes, as well as diodes and transistors, a bootstrap driving circuit can be established. This circuit forms a low impedance Miller current path from the driving IC to the GaN device, which decreases the impact of both positive and negative crosstalk. Employing resistive and capacitive diodes, as well as diodes and transistors, a bootstrap driving circuit can be established. This circuit creates a low impedance Miller current path from the driving IC to the GaN device, reducing the effects of the positive and negative crosstalk. This method, which mostly uses passive components, simplifies the circuit design in comparison to other passive gate driver methods. Through dual-pulse testing with a GS661008P, its capacity to suppress positive and negative crosstalk in GaN devices has been confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is common in major depressive disorder (MDD), but its relationship with thyroid hormones remains unclear. We aimed to examine the association of thyroid hormones and MetS in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD patients. Methods: We recruited 1718 unmedicated MDD patients in this cross-sectional study. MetS was defined based on the 2004 Chinese Diabetes Society Criteria. Serum thyroid hormones including free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), and anti-thyroglobulin (TGAb) were examined. We used the logistic regression model to determine risk factors for MetS and examined the performance of the regression model by using the Area Under the Curve (AUC). In addition, we performed the trend test to test whether the results were robust. Results: The prevalence of MetS in unmedicated MDD patients was 34.4%. MDD patients with MetS had higher levels of serum TSH, TGAb, and TPOAb (all P < 0.001). Concurrently, serum TSH levels were independent risk factors for MetS in MDD patients (OR:1.49, 95%CI: 1.40–1.58), which could also distinguish MDD patients with and without MetS (AUC was 0.77). Additionally, in the trend test, the results also indicated a similar trend when TSH was used as a categorical variable (P for trend < 0.001). Conclusions: This study suggests that TSH levels were independent risk factors for MetS in FEDN MDD patients (OR:1.49). The examination of thyroid function may contribute to the early detection of MetS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence regarding the relationship between fasting blood glucose (FBG) and suicide attempts (SA) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) was limited. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate whether FBG was independently related to SA in Chinese patients with first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD after adjusting for other covariates. Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study. A total of 1718 participants (average age: 34.9 ± 12.4 years, 65.8% females) with FEDN MDD were involved in a hospital in China from September 2016 to December 2018. Multiple logistic regression analysis and smooth curve fitting were used to estimate the association between FBG and the risk of SA. The threshold effect was examined by the two-piecewise linear regression model. Interaction and stratified analyses were conducted according to sex, education, marital status, comorbid anxiety, and psychotic symptoms. Results: The prevalence of SA in patients with FEDN MDD was 20.1%. The result of fully adjusted binary logistic regression showed FBG was positively associated with the risk of SA (odds ratio (OR) = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.13–2.32). Smoothing plots also revealed a nonlinear relationship between FBG and SA, with the inflection point of FBG being 5.34 mmol/l. The effect sizes and the confidence intervals on the left and right sides of the inflection point were 0.53 (0.32–0.88, P = 0.014) and 1.48 (1.04–2.10, P = 0.030), respectively. Conclusions: A U-shaped relationship between FBG and SA in FEDN MDD patients was found, with the lowest risk of SA at a FBG of 5.34 mmol/l, indicating that both the lower and higher FBG levels may lead to an increased risk of SA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The psychological well‐being of lung cancer patients is critical in‐patient care but frequently overlooked. Methods: This study, employing a cross‐sectional, questionnaire‐based design, aimed to elucidate the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms among lung cancer patients and identify associated risk factors. Participants' demographic, medical history, disease stage, and pathology were systematically collected. Psychological assessment was conducted using the general anxiety disorder‐7 (GAD‐7), patient health questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9), and hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 25.0). Results: Out of 294 distributed questionnaires, 247 lung cancer patients were included in the final analysis, with an average completion time of 9.08 min. Notably, 32.4% exhibited depressive symptoms, while 30% displayed signs of anxiety. A significant correlation was found between both depressive and anxiety symptoms and a history of tobacco and alcohol consumption. Specifically, increased nicotine dependence and greater cumulative tobacco use were linked to higher rates of depressive symptoms, whereas cumulative alcohol consumption was associated with increased risks of anxiety symptoms. Conclusion: The study affirms the feasibility of GAD‐7, PHQ‐9, and HADS as screening tools for depressive and anxiety symptoms in lung cancer patients. It further highlights tobacco and alcohol consumption as significant risk factors for poor psychological health in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing the novel salt-loaded hydrogel microspheres, the controlled crystallization of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) was accomplished by attaining precipitant-dependent, location-dependent, and time-dependent regulation of supersaturation and nucleation. [Display omitted] • Synthesis of monodispersed PEGDA hydrogel microspheres (HMSs). • HMSs are used as templates loaded with different concentrations of NaCl. • Demonstration of precipitation-dependent, location-dependent, and time-dependent control of the supersaturation by HMSs. • Applications of nucleation and crystal size control by HMSs. Due to their biocompatibility and adjustable chemical structure and morphology, hydrogels have great potential in many applications, and can be used to enhance protein crystal quality and crystallization efficiency, contributing to biomedicine manufacturing. Monodispersed PEGDA hydrogel microspheres (HMSs) were synthesized using a Lego-inspired microfluidic device. The generated droplets were then UV polymerized, partially hydrolyzed with 0.1 M NaOH solution to improve their absorption capacity, and soaked in a buffer solution containing 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 M NaCl. Salt-loaded HMSs were used as the medium for the enhanced crystallization of hen egg white lysozyme from aqueous solutions. Different supersaturations were achieved in the protein solutions by releasing NaCl of different concentrations from HMSs, as confirmed by electrical conductivity measurements. HMSs with or without NaCl can both provide heterogeneous nucleation sites due to their nano-porous structure and wrinkled surface. The addition of NaCl-loaded HMSs to the protein solution can also increase or decrease the supersaturation in the whole solution or locally near the HMS, leading to controllable nucleation time and crystal size distribution dependent on the NaCl concentration loaded into HMSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both metabolic syndrome (MetS) and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) are prevalent in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. However, their relationship in this population remains unknown. The study assessed the association between SCH and MetS in 1706 first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) MDD patients. We also compared the relationship between MetS and clinical symptoms in patients with and without comorbid SCH. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive subscale, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were used to detect clinical symptoms. Serum levels of free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), anti-thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidases antibody, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fasting glucose were measured. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) was used to test the performance of serum TSH in identifying MetS patients. The prevalence of MetS and SCH was 34.5% (n = 585) and 61% (n = 1034), respectively. The presence of SCH increased the risk of MetS, hyperglycemia, hypertension, obesity, and low HDL-C by 4.91, 3.51, 3.54, 2.02, and 2.34 times, respectively. Serum TSH had a nice ability to distinguish MetS patients from non-MetS patients (AUC value = 0.77). MetS and its components exhibited a positive association with clinical profiles only in SCH patients, but not in non-SCH patients. Taken together, our study suggested SCH was closely related to MetS and might play a vital role in the relationship between MetS and clinical symptoms. Regular thyroid function checks might help early detect MetS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between suicide attempts and lipid profiles in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to investigate sex differences in the relationship between suicide attempts and plasma lipid profiles in a large sample of first-episode and drug naive (FEDN) MDD patients. We recruited 1718 FEDN MDD patients and gathered demographic, clinical, and blood lipid data. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale were used to assess the symptoms of patients. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of suicide attempts between male and female MDD patients. The suicide attempt group had higher levels of depression, anxiety, psychotic symptoms, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), but lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels than the non-suicide attempt group. Binary logistic regression showed that TC levels were significantly correlated with suicidal attempts in both male and female patients. Correlation analysis revealed that the levels of TC, HDL-C and LDL-C were significantly associated with the number of suicide attempts in both male and female patients. Further multiple linear regression revealed that TC levels were significantly associated with the number of suicide attempts in male patients only. Lipid biomarkers, particularly high TC levels, are associated with suicide attempts in both male and female MDD patients. However, there is gender difference in association between lipid biomarkers, especially TC levels, and the number of suicide attempts in MDD patients. • There was no gender difference in the prevalence of suicide attempts in MDD patients. • Suicide attempters had higher depression severity, anxiety, and psychotic symptoms. • 3.Suicidal attempters showed higher TC, LDL-C, but lower HDL-C levels. • TC levels were significantly associated with suicide attempts in both male and female patients. • Only male patients' s TC levels associated with the number of suicide attempts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both abnormal glucose metabolism and anxiety have been reported to be common in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, few studies have explored glucose disturbances in first-episode and drug-naive (FEDN) MDD patients with anxiety. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and risk factors of glucose disturbance in FEND MDD patients comorbid with anxiety. 1718 FEDN MDD patients were included in this study. The positive subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) were used to measure psychotic, anxiety and depressive symptoms respectively. Sociodemographic and biochemical indicators were also collected. The prevalence of glucose disorders in MDD patients combined with anxiety was 15.7 %, significantly higher than in MDD patients without anxiety symptoms (7.1 %). Glucose disturbances were associated with HAMD score, HAMA score, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), anti-thyroglobulin (TGAb), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), suicide attempts, and psychotic symptoms. Further logistic regression showed that illness duration, TSH, TGAb, and TPOAb levels were correlates of glucose disturbances in MDD patients with anxiety. No causal relationship could be drawn due to the cross-sectional design. Our findings suggest that TSH, TGAb and TPOAb may be promising biomarkers of glucose disturbances in MDD comorbid with anxiety, suggesting the importance of regular assessment of thyroid function parameters for abnormal glucose metabolism prevention. • This is the first study in a big sample of FEDN MDD patients with anxiety in China. • The prevalence of glucose disorders is higher in MDD combined with anxiety. • Higher serum TSH levels may be an independent risk factor for glucose disorders. • Several clinical factors contribute to the glucose disturbances in MDD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although gender differences in major depressive disorder (MDD) have been widely reported, there has not been much focus on gender differences in comorbidity. In patients with MDD and comorbid metabolic syndrome (Mets), the goal of this study was to investigate potential gender differences in the prevalence and clinical correlates of concomitant anxiety. Methods: Seven hundred and ninety-four first-episode and drug-naïve patients (FEDN) patients with MDD and comorbid Mets were recruited. For each patient, sociodemographic data, thyroid function indicators, and Mets parameters were acquired. Each participant completed the 14-item Hamilton Assessment Scale for Anxiety (HAMA) and the 17-item Hamilton Assessment Scale for Depression (HAMD). Results: There were no gender differences in the prevalence of anxiety in patients with MDD and comorbid Mets. Female patients with MDD had a shorter duration of illness. Correlation analysis showed that HAMD score, TSH, TgAb, and TPOAb were associated with anxiety prevalence in female patients, whereas anxiety onset in male patients was only associated with TSH, TgAb, and TPOAb levels. In addition, multiple logistic regression analysis showed that TSH and TgAb predicted anxiety in male patients, whereas HAMD score and age of onset significantly predicted anxiety in female patients. Limitations: Cross-sectional design and no control for anxiety-related factors. Conclusions: Our study showed no gender differences in the prevalence of anxiety in patients with MDD and comorbid Mets. HAMD score was associated with anxiety in female patients, whereas TSH, TgAb, and TPOAb were associated with anxiety in male patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress play an important role in the pathogenesis of PSD. The main purposes of this study were to examine the dynamic changes of cytokines networks in PSD and the predictive role of early inflammation and oxidative stress for 2-week PSD. Patients with ischemic stroke were recruited on day 3, and those with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 24-Item (HAMD-24) ≥8 were classified as ischemic stroke patients with depressive symptoms and others as ischemic stroke patients without depressive symptoms. Subjects were then followed up at 2 weeks and 3 months, with those meeting diagnostic criteria for depressive symptoms on the HAMD ≥8 and the Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-V (DSM-V) as the PSD group, and the others as the non-PSD group. At 3 days, IFN-γ, IL-12(p70), IL-12(p40), IL-2, IL-28A/IFNλ2, and IL-19 were elevated in ischemic stroke patients with depressive symptoms. At 2 weeks, IL-12(p40), IL-19, IL-22, IFN-β and MMP-1 all were increased in PSD patients. At 3 months, IL-2, IFN-β and sCD163 increased in PSD group. Longitudinally, the inflammatory response decreased significantly in PSD group from 2 weeks to 3 months of follow-up, while it gradually decreased in non-PSD group from 3 days to 3 months of follow-up. SOD was positively related to IL-12(p70), IFN-γ and IL-20. Plasma IFN-γ at 3 days may be a potential predictive biomarker for 2-week PSD. Peripheral inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of PSD, providing new insights for its diagnosis and treatment. • Post stroke depression showed different patterns of inflammation response at several time points. • Plasma IFN-γ at 3 days may be a potential predictive biomarker for 2-week PSD. • Peripheral inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of PSD [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overweight/obesity is a growing concern in schizophrenia (SZ). A few studies have shown that excessive oxidative stress and abnormal antioxidants were associated with pathogenesis and psychiatric symptoms in first episode antipsychotics naïve (FEAN) patients with SZ. However, there is no study has explored the interrelationships between total antioxidant status (TAS) and the severity of psychiatric symptoms in the early stage of SZ. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of overweight/obesity on psychiatric symptoms in FEAN patients with SZ. A total of 241 patients with FEAN SZ and 119 healthy controls were recruited and symptoms were evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). TAS levels were also measured in patients and healthy controls. We found a significant negative association between body mass index (BMI) and TAS in FEAN patients, but not in controls. In addition, BMI and TAS were negatively associated with psychiatric symptoms. Interestingly, further regression analysis revealed that the interaction between BMI and TAS was associated with the negative symptoms in the early stage of SZ. Our study indicates that abnormal TAS levels interacting with overweight/obesity may be involved in the pathophysiology of SZ, in particular negative symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric disorder worldwide. Psychotic depression has been reported to be frequently under-diagnosed due to poor recognition of psychotic features. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to reveal the rate and risk factors of psychotic symptoms in young, drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder at the time of their first episode. Methods: A total of 917 patients were recruited and divided into psychotic and non-psychotic subgroups based on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale score. Anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms were measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) and the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17), respectively. Several biochemical indicators such as total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) were also measured. Results: The rate of psychotic symptoms among young adult MDD patients was 9.1%. There were significant differences in TSH (p<0.001), FBG (p<0.001), TC (p<0.0001), TG (p = 0.001), HDL-C (p = 0.049), LDL-C (p = 0.010), diastolic blood pressure (DP) (p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (SP) (p<0.001), and HAMD total score (p<0.001) between young MDD patients with and without psychotic depression. HAMD, TSH, TC, and severe anxiety were independently associated with psychotic symptoms in young adult MDD patients. In addition, among young MDD patients, the rate of suicide attempts in the psychotic subgroup was much higher than in the non-psychotic subgroup (45.8% vs. 16.9%). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that psychotic symptoms are common in young MDD patients. Several clinical variables and biochemical indicators are associated with the occurrence of psychotic symptoms in young MDD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As global aging intensifies, older adults with chronic diseases are of increasing concern. Home and community-based services (HCBSs) have been proven to promote self-rated health (SRH) in older adults, but no research explored the associations between the use of overall HCBSs, three different types of HCBSs (health care, daily care, and social support services) and SRH among older adults with chronic diseases. Consequently, this study applies a national publicly available database to examine these associations among older adults with chronic diseases. Methods: 8,623 older adults with chronic diseases (≥ 60 years old) were included in this study. SRH was evaluated applying a concise question with a 1 − 5 scale. HCBSs utilization was assessed through the question, "What kind of HCBSs were used in the community?". Univariate general linear regression models aimed to compare the mean values of SRH in terms of HCBSs utilization in each group. This study is a cross-sectional study design and the relationship between HCBSs utilization and SRH was assessed by multilevel linear regression. Results: The mean score for SRH among the respondents was 3.19, of whom 20.55% used one or more HCBSs, 19.47% utilized health care services, 2.44% utilized social support services, and only 0.55% utilized daily care services. The use of HCBSs was found to be linked to SRH among older adults with chronic diseases (β = 0.085, SE = 0.025, p < 0.001). SRH among older adults with chronic diseases was strongly linked to the use of health care and social support services (β = 0.068, SE = 0.025, p < 0.001; β = 0.239, SE = 0.063, p < 0.001, respectively). However, there was no significant association between the use of daily care services and SRH among older adults with chronic diseases. Conclusion: This study revealed that HCBSs utilization was positively and significantly linked to SRH in Chinese older adults with chronic diseases. Furthermore, this study supposes the low utilization of social support and daily care services may be due to a mismatch between supply and demand. The government should offer the targeted HCBSs for older adults with chronic diseases according to their unique features to enhance their health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Comorbidity of substance use disorders and depression is a common phenomenon. It is well known that opioid addiction is neurobiologically distinct from psychostimulant addiction. However, direct comparisons of comorbid depressive symptoms in patients with methamphetamine (METH) use disorder (MAUD) and heroin use disorders (HUD) have been lacking until now. Methods: A total of 353 patients with methamphetamine use disorder, 76 patients with HUD, and 203 healthy controls were recruited. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI‐SF), the Desires for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) and the short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ‐SF) were used to measure participants' depressive symptoms, drug craving, and childhood abuse or neglect, respectively. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 35.41% (125/353) in MAUD and 56.57% (43/76) in MAUD, significantly higher than the 22.66% (46/203) in healthy controls. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the total BDI score between the MAUD and HUD groups (F = 5.02, df = 1, 372, p =.026). Among MAUD, years of education, history of incarceration, month of abstinence and negative reinforcement scores were associated with depressive symptoms (all p <.05). Among HUD, duration of drug use, childhood emotional abuse and sexual abuse were associated with depressive symptoms (all p <.05). Conclusions and Scientific Significance: The prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms differ between MAUD and HUD, adding to the existing literature. Therefore, treatment and intervention programs should be designed to address these unique correlates in HUD and MAUD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alexithymia, a prevalent social cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, remains insufficiently studied. Though some studies propose a link between alexithymia and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia, this connection lacks consistent confirmation. Additionally, there is limited research on gender difference in alexithymia among schizophrenia patients. To fill this gap, our study aimed to conduct a large-sample survey of Chinese Han patients with chronic schizophrenia to explore whether there are gender differences between clinical symptoms and alexithymia. We obtained sociodemographic characteristics of 987 schizophrenia patients, measured their clinical symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and assessed their self-reported alexithymia using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). In patients with chronic schizophrenia, the prevalence of alexithymia did not differ between genders (male: 35.51 % vs. female: 26.91 %, P = 0.018). Correlation and linear regression analyses revealed that PANSS scores and TAS-20 scores were widely correlated in both male and female patients. In particular, multiple linear regression analysis showed that the TAS total score was positively correlated with negative symptoms and cognitive symptoms in male patients, while it was positively correlated with negative symptoms and depressive symptoms in female patients. Our study suggests that the prevalence of alexithymia in patients with chronic schizophrenia does not differ between genders. Negative symptoms are related to the TAS-20 total score in both male and female patients, while cognitive symptoms are only related to the TAS-20 total score in male patients, and depressive symptoms are only related to the TAS-20 total score in female patients. • Chronic schizophrenia patients showed no gender difference in alexithymia prevalence (male: 35.51%, female: 26.91%). • Analyses indicated a broad correlation between PANSS and TAS-20 scores in both male and female patients. • TAS score correlated with negative and cognitive symptoms in males, and negative and depressive symptoms in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxious depression (AD) has been extensively studied. However, fewer studies have examined sex differences in the prevalence of suicide attempts among AD patients. This study aimed to explore sex differences in suicide attempts and risk factors in patients with AD. 1380 first episode drug-naïve patients with AD were recruited. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were measured using a self-administered demographic questionnaire. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Inventory (HAMA), and positive subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to assess patients' clinical symptoms. We also measured the patient's blood glucose, lipids, and thyroid axis hormone levels. There were no sex differences in the prevalence of suicide attempts in patients with FEDN anxious depression. In addition, binary logistic regression analysis showed that HAMA score, TSH levels, and TPOAb levels significantly predicted suicide attempts in both male and female patients with AD, while HAMD score significantly predicted suicide attempts in female patients with AD only. The severity of anxiety and higher levels of TSH and TPOAb were associated with an increased risk for suicide attempts in both male and female patients with AD, whereas the severity of depression was only associated with suicide attempts in females. • To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale clinical study to examine sex differences in suicide attempts among FEDN patients with AD in the Chinese Han population. The present results suggest that: • (1) the onset age of female patients with AD was older than that of male patients; • (2) there was no sex difference in the prevalence of suicide attempts in AD patients; • (3) HAMA score, TSH levels, and TPOAb levels significantly predicted suicide attempts in both male and female patients with AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A graphene-based versatile terahertz metamaterial consisting of two asymmetric T-shaped resonators is demonstrated to produce dual-band transparency effect. • Electric field and surface current distributions of these two transparent peaks are discussed to reveal their formation mechanisms. • Dynamic modulation of transparency peaks by controlling the Fermi energy levels of graphene is investigated. • Group delay and sensing performance of the terahertz device are explored, which possess excellent delay effect and sensing performance. The combination of graphene and metamaterials has played an important role in studying tunable terahertz functional devices, with electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) being one of the typical examples. In this work, we present a versatile terahertz meta-device consisting of two asymmetric T-shaped graphene resonators, which could produce a dual-band EIT effect. The strong interaction between the two T-shaped graphene resonators leads to a dual-band EIT effect, and the electric field and surface current distributions are provided to reveal their generation mechanisms. Results also indicate that the dual-band EIT effect is not only influenced by size variations of T-shaped graphene resonators themselves, but also strongly depends on the Fermi energy levels they utilized. Interestingly, multi-frequency switching with a maximum modulation depth of 85.13 % could be further realized when the Fermi energy levels are precisely controlled. The group delay near two transmission peaks can reach 2.87 ps and 4.20 ps, which is important for the study of slow light devices. Besides, the sensitivity of the graphene-based dual-band EIT device as a sensor reaches 109 GHz·RIU−1 and 145 GHz·RIU−1, indicating that the design has excellent sensing performance and is expected to be useful for the detection of biomolecules in biochemistry, medicine and other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The nucleation behavior of tiamulin hydrogen fumarate methanol solvate (THFMS) was investigated. • The solubility and cosolvency effect of THFMS were studied in methanol-ethyl acetate binary mixtures. • The interfacial energy, the critical nucleation potential, and the critical nucleation parameterswere discussed. To investigate the nucleation behavior of tiamulin hydrogen fumarate methanol solvate (THFMS), the solubility, induction time, and metastable zone width (MSZW) of THFMS in methanol-ethyl acetate binary mixtures were measured. The nucleation potential model, which is based on the classical nucleation theory and correlates the induction time and MSZW, has been employed to deal with the experimental data and estimate the interfacial energy and the critical nucleation potential. The estimated values determined from the nucleation potential model are in accordance with the experimental values. The interfacial energy and the critical nucleation potential of THFMS steadily decrease with the increasing saturation temperature, whereas those of THFMS initially decrease and subsequently increase as the ethyl acetate content increases. The results demonstrate that an increase in saturation temperature leads to enhanced nucleation favorability, while the difficulty of nucleation initially decreases and then increases with increasing ethyl acetate content. Furthermore, the critical nucleation parameters, including the critical Gibbs free energy, the critical nucleus size, and the critical number of molecules in a nucleus, exhibit the same trend in alterations regarding both saturation temperature and ethyl acetate content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and obesity are two serious public health problems. Although there have been some research on both, there have few studies on differences in obesity among MDD patients at different ages of onset. The study aims to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with obesity in MDD patients at different ages of onset. This study totally recruited 1718 first-episode drug-naive MDD patients aged from 18 to 60 years. All subjects were divided into two subgroups: early adulthood onset (EAO, 18–45 years) and mid-adulthood onset (MAO, 45–60 years). Clinical symptoms of patients were evaluated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale. Baseline parameters including body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and hematological biochemical parameters were assessed to investigate the association between these parameters and weight gain risk. The percentages of overweight and obesity patients with MDD in EAO group were 54.4% and 4.1%, respectively, and the percentages of overweight and obesity patients with MDD in MAO group were 60.4% and 2.8%, respectively. MDD patients in the MAO group had a longer duration of illness and higher scores in HAMD, HAMA, and PANSS positive subscale. They also had higher levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), anti-thyroglobulin (TgAb), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP) levels. BMI did not differ significantly between the two groups. In the EAO group, statistically significant differences were found among normal weight, overweight and obese group in duration of illness, age of onset, TSH, TgAb, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), free thyroxine (FT4), TC, triglycerides (TG), SBP and DBP. The TSH, TgTb and SBP were identified as risk factors for weight gain. In the MAO group, statistically significant differences were found among normal weight, overweight and obese group in TSH and FBG. The two indicators were identified as risk factors for weight gain. There were no significant differences in the weight of MDD patients at different ages of onset, while the factors that could potentially lead to obesity did show some differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The nucleation behavior and nucleation kinetics of cinnamic acid were investigated and calculated. • Both the solute–solute and solute–solvent interactions during nucleation process were explored by molecular simulation. • The intrinsic mechanism of different solvents affecting the desolvation process was revealed. In this paper, the induction time and the metastable zone widths (MSZWs) of cinnamic acid in four pure solvents methanol, ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate were determined. Driven by the same supersaturation, the induction time is ethyl acetate > methanol > ethanol > acetone in descending order, then the effect of solvent on nucleation was further investigated by model fitting and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. The MSZWs were fitted with the Nývlt's approach and Modified Sangwal's theory to investigate its nucleation kinetics. The results show that the fitted interfacial energy γ increases with decreasing saturation temperature and increasing cooling rate, which explains why nucleation is more likely to occur at high saturation temperatures and low cooling rates. Also, the pre-exponential factor A exhibits a strong correlation with the solvent and cooling rate. Further calculations of the key nucleation parameters (r crit , Δ G crit , J) show a positive relationship between the critical nucleation radius r crit and the critical Gibbs free energy Δ G crit. The nucleation rate J is equilibrated under the combined constraints of saturation temperature and driving force Δ µ. Finally, the intermolecular forces in the lattice were analyzed using Hirshfeld surface (HS) and 2D fingerprinting to probe the self-assembly process of molecules. And the hydrogen bonding sites between solute and solvent were predicted by molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEPs). The solute–solvent interaction was visualized by radial distribution function (RDF) and then quantified by calculating the interaction energy. The results show that the stronger hydrogen bonding interactions lead to lower nucleation rates, revealing the important role of solute–solute and solute–solvent interactions in solute desolvation and nucleation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insomnia is common in patients with schizophrenia, which contributes to worsening psychiatric symptoms and suicidality. We aimed to assess the inter-relationships of insomnia and psychopathology with suicidal ideation (SI) among 1407 Chinese patients with chronic schizophrenia via the network approach. We used Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Insomnia Severity Index, and Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation to assess psychiatric symptoms, insomnia, and SI, respectively. Lifetime suicidal attempts (SA) were collected. (1) The incidence of insomnia, lifetime SI, lifetime SA, and current SI was 13.5% (n = 190), 22.8% (n = 321), 13.5% (n = 190), and 9.7% (n = 136), respectively. (2) Patients with insomnia had worse clinical symptoms and higher suicidal risk. (3) Daytime dysfunction, sleep-related distress, conceptual disorganization, delusions, anxiety, and poor rapport were the core symptoms, while late sleep onset and sleep dissatisfaction emerged as bridge symptoms connecting insomnia and psychopathology. (4) Depressive mood, hallucinations, poor impulse control, guilty feelings, insomnia-related impaired quality of life, and sleep dissatisfaction were directly associated with SI. Our findings called for formal assessment of insomnia in patients with schizophrenia, which should cover both nocturnal and daytime insomnia symptoms. Targeted interventions for key symptoms may help reduce insomnia, psychiatric symptoms, and SI in patients with schizophrenia. • Network of insomnia, psychiatric symptoms, and suicidal ideation in 1407 schizophrenia patients. • Central symptoms: Daytime dysfunction, sleep-related distress, conceptual disorganization, delusions, anxiety, and poor rapport; bridge symptoms: late sleep onset, sleep dissatisfaction. • Suicidal ideation linked to depressive mood, hallucinations, impulse control, guilt, insomnia-impaired life quality. • Recommends thorough insomnia assessments in schizophrenia, covering nocturnal and daytime symptoms. • Targeted treatments for central/bridge symptoms may reduce insomnia, psychiatric symptoms, and suicidal ideation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Draw the ternary phase diagram of racemic threonine in water/methanol. • Analyze the binary phase diagrams of melting points composed of different ratios of threonine enantiomers. • Explore common determinations of the racemic system and compare the characteristics of different racemates. • Correlate solubility data with modified Apelblat model, Wilson model, and NRTL model derived from the factor of temperature. • Correlate solubility data to Jouyban-Acree model and Machatha model in terms of solvent composition. Phase equilibrium behaviors of chiral racemic threonine, as well as D-Threonine and L-Threonine, have been systematically investigated. The PXRD patterns, DSC, and ternary phase diagram exhibited the typical characteristics of the conglomerate. As an essential basis for ternary phase diagrams, the solubility of D-Threonine, L-Threonine, and the racemic mixture was measured at a temperature range from 283.15 K to 308.15 K in both water/methanol and water/ethanol mixtures. The solubility of a single enantiomer was at a range from 1.08 to 2.23 (S, wt %) in water/methanol = 6/4 v/v and from 0.36 to 0.91 (S, wt %) in water/methanol = 4/6 v/v. The racemate exhibited a double solubility of the single enantiomer. Subsequently, the experimental solubility data showed promising correlations with five thermodynamic models: Jouyban-Acree equation, Machatha model, the modified Apelblat model, Wilson model, and NRTL model. The modified Apelblat model was the best-fit model when the temperature was primarily considered. Whereas Jouyban-Acree model demonstrated better alignment when the solvent composition was mainly regarded. Besides the above approaches for the determination of chiral drug systems, the results were analyzed in the different characteristics between the racemate and the single pure enantiomer. Selecting the appropriate model to correlate with solubility data can facilitate the exploration of the ternary phase diagram of chiral drugs under different conditions, thus favoring the subsequent enantiomeric separation and industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]