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This article addresses the state estimator design issue of interval type-2 (IT2) fuzzy systems under deception attacks. The permission of sensors to access the network is determined by a stochastic protocol obeying Markov scheduling rules. An attack-resilient IT2 fuzzy state estimator is proposed to mitigate the adverse effect of deception attacks on estimation performance. By using the known bounds of system membership functions and introducing two new weighting functions, the MFs of fuzzy state estimator are reconstructed. A hidden Markov model is employed to describe the asynchronous behaviour of scheduling rules between the sensor and the estimator. Sufficient conditions are derived to ensure the ultimate boundedness of estimation error. Finally, a numerical example demonstrates the applicability of the proposed attack-resilient asynchronous state estimation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple protocol for amide bond construction using β‐keto sulfonyl fluorides (BKSFs) as the acyl surrogates has been achieved. The reaction of BKSFs with a range of amines could be performed in presence of N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS), affording various amides with diverse functionalities. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that the dibromo‐substituted sulfonyl fluorides could be the key intermediate in this amidation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the stochastic coupled algebraic Riccati equations (SCAREs) associated with linear stochastic Markovian jump systems. First, two existing algorithms utilized to solve the SCAREs are reviewed and discussed. Second, based on the analysis of these two algorithms, a modified Riccati iterative algorithm is proposed with a tuning parameter added. It is verified that the proposed algorithm with zero initial values converges to the unique positive definite solution of the SCAREs with fast speed. Furthermore, two numerical examples are given to verify the efficiency and superiority of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) and cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery disease remains inconsistent. Recent investigations indicated potential dysfunctionality of HDL under inflammation. This study endeavors to explore whether the inflammatory status modifies the effects of HDL-C and ApoA-I on cardiovascular risk in individuals with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Patients and Methods: Consecutive 10,724 PCI patients at Fuwai hospital in 2013 were enrolled. Inflammation status was defined by high-sensitivity C-reactive proteins (hsCRP) ≥ 2 mg/L. The study endpoint was cardiac mortality. Results: Among 9569 PCI patients eventually included, 225 (2.4%) cardiac mortality happened during 5 years. In hsCRP ≥ 2 mg/L group, an U-shaped curve was observed for HDL-C and multivariate Cox regression showed that elevated risks of cardiac mortality correlated to both the lowest quintile (hazard ratio [HR], 2.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32– 4.71) and the highest quintile of HDL-C (HR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.23– 4.25). However, an L-shaped curve existed in ApoA-I, indicating only the lowest quintile level of ApoA-I was associated with an increased cardiac mortality risk (HR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.28– 3.75). Nevertheless, in hsCRP < 2 mg/L group, no significant correlations between HDL-C and ApoA-I and cardiac mortality risk were identified (both P > 0.05). Conclusion: In PCI patients with hsCRP ≥ 2 mg/L. both low and high HDL-C levels correlated with higher cardiac mortality risk (U-shaped), while only low ApoA-I levels were linked to elevated risk (L-shaped). However, in patients with hsCRP < 2 mg/L, neither HDL-C nor ApoA-I levels were associated with higher cardiac mortality risk. These findings shed light on the importance of considering inflammation status, particularly hsCRP levels, in managing HDL-C and ApoA-I levels, and suggest targeting elevated ApoA-I levels as a potential therapeutic approach for PCI patients with hsCRP ≥ 2 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helleborus thibetanus is an endemic species in China with important ornamental and medicinal value. However, the seeds have dormancy, and their germination percentage is low under natural conditions. This research was carried out to determine the seed germination requirements of H. thibetanus and to characterize the type of seed dormancy. The morphological post-ripening process of the seed embryo was studied according to the morphological anatomy, and the effects of temperature and gibberellic acid (GA3) on seed germination were investigated in H. thibetanus. The H. thibetanus seeds had a heart-shaped embryo at maturity. The embryo fully grew within the seed through warm stratification, and the embryo/seed ratio increased from 8.58% to 42.6%. The shortest time for a radicle to emerge (58.33 d) and the highest radicle emergence percentage (84.44%) were obtained at a temperature of 15 °C. The results showed that the H. thibetanus seeds had a morphophysiological dormancy. In addition, 300 mg/L GA3 treatments shortened the time of warm stratification and increased the radicle emergence percentage. Seeds with emerged radicles could not emerge epicotyl–plumule without cold stratification, which showed that the H. thibetanus seeds had epicotyl physiological dormancy. The length of the roots, cold stratification time, and GA3 markedly affected the release of the epicotyl physiological dormancy in H. thibetanus. The seeds with 2.5 cm roots required the shortest time to break their dormancy (50 d), and the epicotyl–plumule emergence percentage was the highest. Additionally, GA3 treatment also shortened the incubation time in cold stratification (5 °C) and successfully broke the epicotyl physiological dormancy. Our study showed that H. thibetanus seeds exhibited deep simple epicotyl morphophysiological dormancy. Temperature, GA3, and duration of stratification played vital roles in the seed germination of H. thibetanus. This research will provide valuable data for seed germination and practical dormancy-breaking techniques and will promote the cultivation and conventional crossbreeding of H. thibetanus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the diagnostic challenges associated with pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors that have CIC::LEUTX gene fusions. Recent studies have identified pediatric high-grade neuroepithelial tumors with CIC fusions, suggesting that CNS tumors with CIC gene fusions may encompass various tumor types and have different clinical outcomes. The article describes a multicenter study that aims to deepen the understanding of CIC-fused CNS tumors through comprehensive histological, molecular, and clinical analysis. The document provides a summary of clinical findings for a cohort of patients with CIC-fused CNS tumors, including age, sex, location, histology, fusion, therapy, follow-up, and status. It also provides information on the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of CIC and CIC::LEUTX fused tumors, as well as detailed descriptions of four cases of CIC::LEUTX fused CNS tumors. The study suggests that these tumors may represent a heterogeneous group, including CIC-rearranged sarcomas, high-grade neuroepithelial tumors, and rare lower-grade neuroepithelial tumors. The article also presents a study on the survival rates of CNS tumors with CIC:LEUTX and non-LEUTX fusions, finding that the presence of CIC:LEUTX fusions is associated with a higher overall survival rate and longer progression-free survival in CNS tumors. These findings provide valuable insights for further research and potential treatment strategies for CNS tumors [Extracted from the article]

The Balanophorae are not only traditional Chinese herbal medicines but also functional foods with diverse sources. This study aimed to distinguish pharmacognostic characteristics and secondary metabolites among different species of Balanophorae. Eight species of Balanophorae herbs were harvested, including 21 batches with 209 samples. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze secondary metabolites of Balanophorae from 21 sources. Targeted metabolomic analysis was performed to compare differences among the groups. Rhopalocnemis phalloide and B. indica can be identified by their pharmacognostic characteristics. Then, 41 secondary metabolites were identified or characterized in the mixed extracts of the 209 samples, mainly phenolic acids, flavonoids, and their derivatives. The distribution of these secondary metabolites revealed apparent differences among different species. In addition, targeted metabolomic analysis suggested that the secondary metabolite profiles of seven species of Balanophorae showed noticeable differences, and differences were also observed among different growing regions. Finally, five important metabolic markers were screened to successfully distinguish B. laxiflora, B. harlandii, and B. polyandra, including three phenolic acids and two flavonoids. This is the first study to systematically compare both the morphology and secondary metabolites among different sources of Balanophorae, which could provide effective information for identifying diverse species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the optical characteristics and sources of brown carbon (BrC) in North China, where the atmospheric aerosol loadings are high and have severe impacts on Earth's climate system, we collected fine aerosols (PM 2.5) at an urban site in Tianjin over a 1-year period. We measured the ultraviolet (UV) light absorption and excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence of the water-soluble BrC (WSBrC) and the water-insoluble but methanol-soluble BrC (WI-MSBrC) in the PM 2.5 using a three-dimensional fluorescence spectrometer. The average light absorption efficiency of both WSBrC (Abs365, WSBrC) and WI-MSBrC (Abs365, WI-MSBrC) at 365 nm was found to be highest in winter (10.4 ± 6.76 and 10.0 ± 5.13 Mm-1 , respectively) and distinct from season to season. The averages of the fluorescence index (FI) and the biological index (BIX) of WSBrC were lower in summer than in the other seasons and opposite to that of the humification index (HIX), which implied that the secondary formation and further chemical processing of aerosols were more intensive during the summer period than in the other seasons. However, in winter, the higher HIX together with the higher FI and BIX of WI-MSBrC suggested that the BrC loading was mainly influenced by primary emissions from biomass burning and coal combustion. Based on the EEM, the types of fluorophores in WSBrC were divided into humic-like substances (HULIS), including low-oxygenated and high-oxygenated species and protein-like compounds (PLOM), though mostly PLOM in the WI-MSBrC. The direct radiation absorption by both WSBrC and WI-MSBrC in the range of 300–400 nm accounted for ∼ 40 % of that (SFEAbs , 4.97 ± 2.71 and 7.58 ± 5.75 Wg-1 , respectively) in the range 300–700 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note puts forward continuous event‐triggered impulsive control (CETIC) and dynamic event‐triggered impulsive control (DETIC) to discuss a class of (integral) input‐to‐state stability (iISS, ISS) for nonlinear systems (NSs), where the impulse sequences are produced by certain predesigned event‐triggering conditions. Different from traditionary event‐triggered control (ETC), CETIC indicates that a controller will be stimulated only if the given state‐dependent event condition is invoked. There exist no transfer of control between two continuous impulse triggered instants. Compared with the traditional static ETC, the DETIC can efficaciously lessen controller update and dramatically save energy at the same decay rate. In addition, all sample path solutions (SPS) for the system have the lowest time between events guaranteed to be positive. Utilizing CETIC strategy, we get some Lyapunov conditions to effectually avoid infinite triggering behavior and obtain the ISS‐type stability of the investigative systems. Then, one applies the theoretical consequences to NSs and derive a class of ETC mechanism with impulsive control gains (ICG) by linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Because of the existence of timer, the DETIC strategy naturally excludes Zeno phenomena. Furthermore, conclusions in this thesis permit the upper bound estimation for the differential Lyapunov function coefficient to be time‐varying function instead of a constant in certain extant results, which means the criteria of the Lyapunov technique in this paper is less conservative and looser. Eventually, three examples with related simulations are demonstrated to indicate the rationalization and usefulness of our conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coordination between the construction of transport infrastructure and the development and protection of territorial space is an important factor in promoting sustainable regional development, but there is still a lack of systematic research on the impact of transport on territorial space worldwide. Following the logic of "development trend revealing—theoretical and technological summary—mechanism analysis", the research progress on the two aspects of development and protection of territorial space related to transport is systematically and comprehensively sorted from the perspective of multi-scale and multi-mode transport. The results show that: (1) The number of research papers on the effect of transport on territorial space is on the rise, and there is an obvious trend of cross-disciplinary research. (2) Transport infrastructure will promote the development of territorial space in terms of land use change, spatial-temporal compression, and economic development, and will affect the protection of territorial space in terms of ecological impacts, energy consumption and carbon emissions, and the crossing of protection zones. (3) In the existing research, the lack of multi-dimensional indicator system construction and analysis, insufficient research at the mechanism level, and insufficient combination of theoretical research and practical application are the main problems at present, and an important direction is urgently needed for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current densities in nowadays electronic circuitry are close to the electromigration threshold that may result in the fracture of circuits due to electromigration, hampering further miniaturization of integrated chips. Flexible electronic devices, which use a flexible material instead of rigid silicon as a substrate, might be prone to fracture problems also due to obligatory mechanical deformation. However, finding the location of fractured nanogaps and in situ repairing such atomic‐scale fractured circuits are currently unavailable. To this end, a method is developed to in situ heal nanogaps as large as 20 nm between metallic electrodes on the polyimide (PI)‐covered substrate via voltage sweeping, which is typically employed to generate nanogaps rather than heal nanogaps. The reconnection of nanoelectrodes is realized only when the underneath PI is treated with oxygen plasma etching. Assisted by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it is revealed that inductively coupled O2 plasma etching not only changes the surface topography but also changes the chemical binding structure of PI, which in return can be used to immobilize metal atoms migrating along the PI surface to gradually close the nanogap, providing an in situ self‐healing paradigm for repairing the atomic scale fractured circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural ecology is a comprehensive field of study that takes the rural social-ecological-economic systems as the objective object and emphasizes spatial carrier governance. The development of rural ecology in the New Era embodies and implements comprehensively the core concepts of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, including harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, rural revitalization, green development, and the comprehensive construction of a socialist modernized nation. Under the goal of Chinese-style modernization, rural ecology exhibits characteristics distinct from the past, such as the integration of research objects, the intersectionality of basic theories, the computational feature of technical methods, and the orientation of exporting outcomes. To provide disciplinary support for modernization-oriented science to meet the new demands of country's rural development, effectively narrating the story of sustainable rural development in China and providing fundamental guarantees for the safety of rural systems, a number of issues such as paradigm innovation in research, improvement of data quality, and integration of comprehensive technologies, should be fully considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context The association between free fatty acids (FFAs) and unfavorable clinical outcomes has been reported in the general population. However, evidence in the secondary prevention population is relatively scarce. Objective We aimed to examine the relationship between FFA and cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods This study was based on a multicenter cohort of patients with CAD enrolled from January 2015 to May 2019. The primary outcome was all-cause death. Secondary outcomes included cardiac death and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a composite of death, myocardial infarction, and unplanned revascularization. Results During a follow-up of 2 years, there were 468 (3.0%) all-cause deaths, 335 (2.1%) cardiac deaths, and 1279 (8.1%) MACE. Elevated FFA levels were independently associated with increased risks of all-cause death, cardiac death, and MACE (all P <.05). Moreover, When FFA were combined with an original model derived from the Cox regression, there were significant improvements in discrimination and reclassification for prediction of all-cause death (net reclassification improvement [NRI] 0.245, P <.001; integrated discrimination improvement [IDI] 0.004, P =.004), cardiac death (NRI 0.269, P <.001; IDI 0.003, P =.006), and MACE (NRI 0.268, P <.001; IDI 0.004, P <.001). Notably, when stratified by age, we found that the association between FFA with MACE risk appeared to be stronger in patients aged ≥60 years compared with those aged <60 years. Conclusion In patients with CAD, FFAs are associated with all-cause death, cardiac death, and MACE. Combined evaluation of FFAs with other traditional risk factors could help identify high-risk individuals who may require closer monitoring and aggressive treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]