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Intercropping has the potential to improve phosphorus (P) uptake and crop growth, but the potential benefits and relative contributions of root morphology and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization are largely unknown for the intercropping of rice and soybean under dry cultivation. Both field and pot experiments were conducted with dry-cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) grown alone or intercropped under two P levels. Two root separation modes between rice and soybean were employed to explore the contribution of AMF association and root plasticity on P uptake in intercrops. The results showed that rice/soybean intercropping resulted in a notable increase in the total biomass and yield compared to monoculture in the field. In the potted experiment, compared to the plastic root separation treatment (PS), the no root separation treatment (NS) increased the total biomass and P uptake by 9.4% and 19.9%, irrespective of the P levels. This was primarily attributable to a considerable enhancement in biomass and phosphorus uptake in soybean by 40.4% and 49.7%, which offset a slight decline in the rice of NS compared to PS by 26.8% and 18.0%, respectively. The results of random forest analysis indicate that the P uptake by the dominant species, soybean, was mainly contributed by root morphology, while rice was more dependent on AMF colonization in the intercropping system. Therefore, dry-cultivated rice/soybean intercropping enhances P uptake and productivity by leveraging complementary belowground strategies, with soybean benefiting primarily from root morphological adjustments and rice relying more on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]