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The performance of perovskite cells closely relies on the quality of films, leading to a special focus on crystallization manipulation and defect control. In this study, a novel approach using 1D metal‐free perovskites, specifically DABCO‐NH4Cl3, is proposed to facilitate the crystallization process of 3D FAPbI3 perovskites, while simultaneously addressing surface defects. Analysis of crystallization kinetics reveals that the introduction of 1D metal‐free perovskites provides numerous nucleation sites, effectively slowing down crystal growth rates and resulting in the formation of uniform, large‐grain perovskite films. Furthermore, the organic groups present in 1D perovskites play a crucial role in passivating defects within the perovskite structure. The synergistic impact of these factors enables the perovskite to achieve an efficiency of 24.72% while demonstrating exceptional stability. This research offers a promising approach for controlling perovskite crystallization, leading to the development of high‐efficiency and stable perovskite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem‐oriented teaching (POT) activities are important in classroom instruction. The level of student response can be influenced by different teacher behaviours in POT. However, the characteristics of teachers' multimodal behaviours at different levels of response are unclear. This study applied epistemic network analysis to explore the characteristics of teachers' multimodal behaviours in POT with different response levels. Using 256 POT segments from 12 classroom teaching videos in primary and secondary schools, this study found that authentic questions and iconic gestures occupied a central position in multimodal behaviours. The concomitant use of multimodal behaviours and the flexibility in eye contact could improve the response levels of students. These findings help understand how teachers' multimodal behaviours can promote students' responses. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Various behaviours have been shown to impact learners' response, such as teachers' responses to students and teachers' non‐verbal behaviours.Epistemic network analysis can be used to analyse the structure of the connections between cognitive, social and interaction data.What this paper adds This study analyses the characteristics of teachers' multimodal behaviours during problem‐oriented activities.It also compares the salient properties of non‐verbal, verbal and multimodal behavioural networks generated by interactive fragments of students' responses of different cognitive levels.Implications for practice and policy Teachers should ask more authentic questions in the classroom to promote in‐depth thinking processes in students.The appropriate coordination of multimodal behaviours by teachers is crucial to promote the cognitive level of students' responses.Upon making eye contact with students, teachers should also use iconic gestures and be flexible regarding the use of eye contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feasibility of immobilized protein-based biodetection relies critically on the activity of the immobilized proteins as well as the biocompatibility of the protein surface. Although many protein immobilization strategies have been developed with satisfied detection readout signals. Non-specific interactions caused by the protein-coating surface are still of great concern since they often interfere with or affect the reliability of detection. Herein, we developed a highly efficient G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) immobilization method by the combination of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with a self-labeling enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The immobilization relies on the covalent interaction between the fusion tag of a target GPCR (kinase domain of epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) and its covalent inhibitor ibrutinib, which is modified on PEGylated silica gels. Two types of GPCRs, N-methyl-D-aspartate 2 A receptor (NMDAR 2A) and endothelin A receptor (ET A R), were used as examples to realize protein immobilization. The GPCR modified gels and the affinity columns packed with them have been extensively characterized, in terms of non-specific adsorptions, retention factor (k ′), half peak width (W 1/2), tailing factor (T f), theoretical plates (N), and association and dissociation constants of the ligands with the receptors. The immobilized GPCRs with reduced non-specific interactions and enhanced fouling resistance, salt tolerance, and chromatographic performance were clearly observed. We believe it is the first work to introduce PEGylation in GPCR immobilization and provide comprehensive proof-of-concept studies to illustrate the improved antifouling property, salt tolerance, and chromatographic performance. This method could be generally applicable in other immobilized protein-based technology for reliable biodetection. [Display omitted] • We developed a highly efficient GPCR immobilization method based on PEGylation. • Two types of GPCRs, NMDAR 2A and ET A R were applied to analyze the improvement of PEGylation. • PEGylated GPCR columns exhibited improved fouling resistance, salt tolerance, and chromatographic performance. • PEGylation provided more reliable measurements for the receptor-ligand interaction analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest fires are a primary driver of biogeochemical processes in ecosystems and affect the soil nutrient balance by altering the distribution of organic matter and associated nutrients as well as the composition and availability of elemental nutrients. We investigated the changes in soils' phosphorus (P) fractions and the adsorption characteristics of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (orthoP) and myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) at two depths (0–5 and 5–10 cm) in soils from two sites differing in fire severity: long‐unburned and heavily burned. Five years after the fire, there were increases in the total P and extractable inorganic P (H2O‐P, NaHCO3‐Pi, NaOH‐Pi, D.HCl‐Pi and C.HCl‐Pi) contents. Conversely, there was a decrease in organic P (NaHCO3‐Po, NaOH‐Po and C.HCl‐Po). The adsorption of soil for orthoP at a depth of 0–5 cm was dependent on the amount of P supplied by the soil; at low concentrations, heavily burned soil showed a lower adsorption than long‐unburned soil. However, at high concentrations, the adsorption of heavily burned soil was significantly larger than that of long‐unburned soil. With respect to IHP, the adsorption of long‐unburned soil was also more significant at depths of 0–5 cm. The adsorption of both orthoP and IHP of heavily burned soil was significantly higher than that of long‐unburned soil at a depth of 5–10 cm. Fire also decreased the binding degree (k1) of soil‐P and the solid phase at depths of 0–5 and 5–10 cm. The increase in P adsorption capacity outweighed the addition of P from ash, resulting in less leaching in heavily burned areas and minimizing P loss. Overall, forest fires significantly affect the adsorption characteristics and P fractions of soil, specifically orthoP and IHP, during the initial stage of postfire recovery. These effects are closely related to the direct influences of iron oxide, soil organic matter and aluminium oxide in the soil and may even produce relatively long‐term effects on the P recycling process of the entire ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Myocardial bridging (MB) is common in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). There are sparse data on the impact of MB on myocardial fibrosis in HCM. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between MB and myocardial fibrosis in patients with obstructive HCM. Methods: In this cohort study, retrospective data were collected from a high-volume HCM center. Patients with obstructive HCM who underwent septal myectomy and preoperative cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) were screened from 2011 to 2018. Results: Finally, 492 patients were included in this study, with an average age of 45.7 years. Of these patients, 76 patients had MB. MB occurred mostly in the left anterior descending artery (73/76). The global extent of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was correlated with the degree of systolic compression (r = 0.33, p = 0.003). Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that the degree of systolic compression was an independent risk factor for LGE (β = 0.292, p = 0.007). The LGE fraction of basal and mid anteroseptal segments in patients with severe MB (compression ratio ≥ 80%) was significantly greater than that in patients with mild to moderate MB (compression ratio < 80%). During a median follow-up of 28 (IQR: 15–52) months, 15 patients died. Kaplan–Meier analysis did not identify differences in all-cause death (log-rank p = 0.63) or cardiovascular death (log-rank p = 0.72) between patients undergoing MB-related surgery and those without MB. Conclusions: MB with severe systolic compression was significantly associated with a high extent of fibrosis in patients with obstructive HCM. Concomitant myotomy or coronary artery bypass grafting might provide excellent survival similar to that of patients without MB. Identification of patients with severe MB and providing comprehensive management might help improve the prognosis of patients with HCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Hypothesis: Identifying the factors influencing the development of female urinary incontinence (UI) may facilitate early intervention, potentially delaying its progression. This study was aimed at investigating the impact of lifestyle habits on the severity of UI among women in East China.This study included 414 women from six communities in East China who reported symptoms of UI and was conducted between September and December 2020. Data were collected using a general information questionnaire, the Toileting Behaviours: Women’s Elimination Behaviours scale, and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Urinary Incontinence Short Form Chinese Version. Participants were categorised into two groups: those with mild UI and those with moderate-to-severe UI. Propensity-score matching was performed to balance confounding factors, and logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between lifestyle behaviours and UI severity.A total of 117 pairs were successfully matched. Logistic regression analysis revealed that daily perineal cleaning significantly protected against moderate-to-severe UI (p < 0.05). Conversely, living alone, poor sleep quality and hovering over the toilet while voiding were identified as independent risk factors for moderate-to-severe UI (p < 0.05).Several lifestyle habits significantly impact the severity of UI among adult women. Screening for mild urinary leakage symptoms and implementing timely interventions are crucial for preventing the aggravation of UI and improving ability to work and quality of life.Methods: Identifying the factors influencing the development of female urinary incontinence (UI) may facilitate early intervention, potentially delaying its progression. This study was aimed at investigating the impact of lifestyle habits on the severity of UI among women in East China.This study included 414 women from six communities in East China who reported symptoms of UI and was conducted between September and December 2020. Data were collected using a general information questionnaire, the Toileting Behaviours: Women’s Elimination Behaviours scale, and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Urinary Incontinence Short Form Chinese Version. Participants were categorised into two groups: those with mild UI and those with moderate-to-severe UI. Propensity-score matching was performed to balance confounding factors, and logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between lifestyle behaviours and UI severity.A total of 117 pairs were successfully matched. Logistic regression analysis revealed that daily perineal cleaning significantly protected against moderate-to-severe UI (p < 0.05). Conversely, living alone, poor sleep quality and hovering over the toilet while voiding were identified as independent risk factors for moderate-to-severe UI (p < 0.05).Several lifestyle habits significantly impact the severity of UI among adult women. Screening for mild urinary leakage symptoms and implementing timely interventions are crucial for preventing the aggravation of UI and improving ability to work and quality of life.Results: Identifying the factors influencing the development of female urinary incontinence (UI) may facilitate early intervention, potentially delaying its progression. This study was aimed at investigating the impact of lifestyle habits on the severity of UI among women in East China.This study included 414 women from six communities in East China who reported symptoms of UI and was conducted between September and December 2020. Data were collected using a general information questionnaire, the Toileting Behaviours: Women’s Elimination Behaviours scale, and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Urinary Incontinence Short Form Chinese Version. Participants were categorised into two groups: those with mild UI and those with moderate-to-severe UI. Propensity-score matching was performed to balance confounding factors, and logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between lifestyle behaviours and UI severity.A total of 117 pairs were successfully matched. Logistic regression analysis revealed that daily perineal cleaning significantly protected against moderate-to-severe UI (p < 0.05). Conversely, living alone, poor sleep quality and hovering over the toilet while voiding were identified as independent risk factors for moderate-to-severe UI (p < 0.05).Several lifestyle habits significantly impact the severity of UI among adult women. Screening for mild urinary leakage symptoms and implementing timely interventions are crucial for preventing the aggravation of UI and improving ability to work and quality of life.Conclusion: Identifying the factors influencing the development of female urinary incontinence (UI) may facilitate early intervention, potentially delaying its progression. This study was aimed at investigating the impact of lifestyle habits on the severity of UI among women in East China.This study included 414 women from six communities in East China who reported symptoms of UI and was conducted between September and December 2020. Data were collected using a general information questionnaire, the Toileting Behaviours: Women’s Elimination Behaviours scale, and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Urinary Incontinence Short Form Chinese Version. Participants were categorised into two groups: those with mild UI and those with moderate-to-severe UI. Propensity-score matching was performed to balance confounding factors, and logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between lifestyle behaviours and UI severity.A total of 117 pairs were successfully matched. Logistic regression analysis revealed that daily perineal cleaning significantly protected against moderate-to-severe UI (p < 0.05). Conversely, living alone, poor sleep quality and hovering over the toilet while voiding were identified as independent risk factors for moderate-to-severe UI (p < 0.05).Several lifestyle habits significantly impact the severity of UI among adult women. Screening for mild urinary leakage symptoms and implementing timely interventions are crucial for preventing the aggravation of UI and improving ability to work and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive activation of FGF19/fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) signaling is associated with poor survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). FGFR4 inhibitors show promise for HCC treatment. F30, an indazole derivative designed through computer-aided drug design targeting FGFR4, demonstrated anti-HCC activity as described in our previous studies. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying F30's anticancer effects remain largely unexplored. We report here that F30 could effectively induce ferroptosis in HCC cells. The concentrations of cellular ferrous iron, the peroxidation of cell membranes and the homeostasis of reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG) were dysregulated by F30, thereby affecting cellular redox status. Induction of ferroptosis in HCC by F30 was inhibited by specific ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1. F30 upregulates various ferroptosis-related genes, including the heme oxygenase enzymes 1 (HMOX1), a key mediator of redox regulation. Surprisingly, F30-induced ferroptosis in HCC is dependent on HMOX1. The dysregulation of cellular ferrous iron concentrations and cell membrane peroxidation was rescued when knocking down HMOX1 with specific small interfering RNA. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying FGFR4-targeting F30's anti-HCC effects and suggest that FGFR4 inactivation could be beneficial for HCC treatment involving ferroptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two receptors were co-immobilized in equimolar amounts by bioorthogonal reaction. • Equations for revealing drug-dual target binding on heterogeneous surface were derived. • The method is reliable, time- and ligand-efficient with improved throughput. Characterization of the drug-target interactions is pivotal throughout the whole procedure of drug development. Most of the current assays, particularly, chromatographic methods lack the capacity to reveal drug adsorption on the muti-target surface. To this end, we derived a reliable and workable mathematical equation for revealing drug bindings to dual targets on the heterogeneous surface starting from the mass balance equation. The derivatization relied on the correlation of drug injection amounts with their retention factors. Experimental validation was performed by determining the binding parameters of three canonical drugs on a heterogeneous surface, which was fabricated by fusing angiotensin receptor type I and type II receptors (AT 1 R and AT 2 R) at the terminuses of circularly permuted HaloTag (cpHaloTag) and immobilizing the whole fusion protein onto 6-bromohexanoic acid modified silica gel. We proved that immobilized AT 1 R-cpHalo-AT 2 R maintained the original ligand- and antibody-binding activities of the two receptors in three weeks. The association constants of valsartan, candesartan, and telmisartan to AT 1 R were (6.26±0.14) × 105, (9.66±0.71) × 105, and (3.17±0.03) × 105 L/mol. In the same column, their association constants to AT 2 R were (1.25±0.04) × 104, (2.30±0.08) × 104, and (8.51±0.06) × 103 L/mol. The patterns of the association constants to AT 1 R/AT 2 R (candesartan>valsartan>telmisartan) were in good line with the data by performing nonlinear chromatography on control columns containing immobilized AT 1 R or AT 2 R alone. This provided proof of the fact that the derivatization allowed the determination of drug bindings on the heterogeneous surface with the utilization of a single series of injections and linear regression. We reasoned that is simple enough to model the bindings of drug adsorption on commercially available adsorbents in fundamental or industrial fields, thus having the potential to become a universal method for analyzing the bindings of a drug to the heterogeneous surface containing multiple targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]