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Herein, a method for the assembly of biologically valuable 3‐selenospiro[4,5]decatrienones through CuBr2‐catalyzed ispo‐cyclization of Se powder, boronic acids, and N‐(p‐methoxyaryl)propiolamides has been established. In this protocol, noble transition metal, prefunctionalized selenylation reagent, and strong chemical oxidant are not employed. This method feature wide substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, easy operation, and employing earth‐abundant metal as catalyst and green air as oxidant. Furthermore, several derivatizations of 3‐selenospiro[4,5]decatrienones are performed to showcase the practicability of our strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor is considered the first-line treatment for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. It has potential risks for circulatory system, which should be particularly carefully evaluated in older patients. In this case study, we aim to discuss the potential impact of this treatment regimen on cardiac health. Case presentation: This case report describes an elderly patient with no prior history of heart disease who exhibited unexpected heart enlargement and dysfunction. Throughout the patient's hospital stay, various potential causes were investigated, leading to the hypothesis that a 10-year history of intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor could be related to the observed clinical manifestations. The patient was advised to discontinue this treatment, and after a 2-month follow-up period, there was a gradual improvement in the patient's cardiac structure and function. Conclusion: This manuscript highlights the importance of conducting cardiac examinations before and after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment, especially for individuals at risk of heart diseases like the elderly. It emphasizes the need to carefully weigh the benefits and risks of treatment regimens to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intestinal barrier is a dynamic interface between the body and the ingested food components, however, dietary components or xenobiotics could compromise intestinal integrity, causing health risks to the host. Gossypol, a toxic component in cottonseed meal (CSM), caused intestinal injury in fish or other monogastric animals. It has been demonstrated that probiotics administration benefits the intestinal barrier integrity, but the efficacy of probiotics in maintaining intestinal health when the host is exposed to gossypol remains unclear. Here, a strain (YC) affiliated to Pediococcus pentosaceus was isolated from the gut of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its potential to repair gossypol-induced intestinal damage was evaluated. Results: A total of 270 Nile tilapia (2.20 ± 0.02 g) were allotted in 3 groups with 3 tanks each and fed with 3 diets including CON (control diet), GOS (control diet containing 300 mg/kg gossypol) and GP (control diet containing 300 mg/kg gossypol and 108 colony-forming unit (CFU)/g P. pentosaceus YC), respectively. After 10 weeks, addition of P. pentosaceus YC restored growth retardation and intestinal injury induced by gossypol in Nile tilapia. Transcriptome analysis and siRNA interference experiments demonstrated that NOD-like receptors (NLR) family caspase recruitment domain (CARD) domain containing 3 (Nlrc3) inhibition might promote intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation, as well as maintaining gut barrier integrity. 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that addition of P. pentosaceus YC altered the composition of gut microbiota and increased the content of propionate in fish gut. In vitro studies on propionate's function demonstrated that it suppressed nlrc3 expression and promoted wound healing in Caco-2 cell model. Conclusions: The present study reveals that P. pentosaceus YC has the capacity to ameliorate intestinal barrier injury by modulating gut microbiota composition and elevating propionate level. This finding offers a promising strategy for the feed industry to incorporate cottonseed meal into fish feed formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Commensal bacteria in the intestine release enzymes to degrade and ferment dietary components, producing beneficial metabolites. However, the regulatory effects of microbial-derived enzymes on the intestinal microbiota composition and the influence on host health remain elusive. Xylanase can degrade xylan into oligosaccharides, showing wide application in feed industry., Results: To validate the immune-protective effects of xylanase, Nile tilapia was used as the model and fed with xylanase. The results showed that dietary xylanase improved the survival rate of Nile tilapia when they were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The transcriptome analysis showed significant enrichment of genes related to interleukin-17d (il-17d) signaling pathway in the xylanase treatment group. High-throughput sequencing revealed that dietary xylanase altered the composition of the intestinal microbiota and directly promoted the proliferation of Allobaculum stercoricanis which could produce butyrate in vitro. Consequently, dietary xylanase supplementation increased the butyrate level in fish gut. Further experiment verified that butyrate supplementation enhanced the expression of il-17d and regenerating islet-derived 3 gamma (reg3g) in the gut. The knockdown experiment of il-17d confirmed that il-17d is necessary for butyrate to protect Nile tilapia from pathogen resistance. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that butyrate increased the abundance of IL-17D + intestinal epithelial cells in fish. Mechanistically, butyrate functions as an HDAC3 inhibitor, enhancing il-17d expression and playing a crucial role in pathogen resistance., Conclusion: Dietary xylanase significantly altered the composition of intestinal microbiota and increased the content of butyrate in the intestine. Butyrate activated the transcription of il-17d in intestinal epithelial cells by inhibiting histone deacetylase 3, thereby protecting the Nile tilapia from pathogen infection. This study elucidated how microbial-derived xylanase regulates host immune function, providing a theoretical basis for the development and application of functional enzymes. Video Abstract., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Sensory defects dry-cured ham usually has an unpleasant taste and smell. To deepen the understanding of the formation mechanism of sensory defect ham, the metabolites and microbial community composition were investigated between normal and sensory defect ham. The results of high-throughput sequencing showed that the excessive accumulation of Enterobacteriaceae and Yeasts and reduced abundance of flavor-related microorganisms may be one of the reasons for the sensory defect hams. 42 differential metabolites were screened by metabolomics, among which amino acids and their derivatives and organic acids were the key metabolites to distinguish sensory defect hams from normal hams. KEGG pathway analysis showed that amino acid metabolism, TCA cycle, purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism were the main metabolic pathways of defect hams. These results indicated that small molecule metabolites and microorganisms were closely related to the quality of Nuodeng ham, which provides a scientific basis for the quality control of Nuodeng ham., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Ammonia is thought to be a cytotoxin and its increase in the blood impairs cell function. However, whether and how this toxin triggers cell death under pathophysiological conditions remains unclear. Here we show that ammonia induces a distinct form of cell death in effector T cells. We found that rapidly proliferating T cells use glutaminolysis to release ammonia in the mitochondria, which is then translocated to and stored in the lysosomes. Excessive ammonia accumulation increases lysosomal pH and results in the termination of lysosomal ammonia storage and ammonia reflux into mitochondria, leading to mitochondrial damage and cell death, which is characterized by lysosomal alkalization, mitochondrial swelling and impaired autophagic flux. Inhibition of glutaminolysis or blocking lysosomal alkalization prevents ammonia-induced T cell death and improves T cell-based antitumour immunotherapy. These findings identify a distinct form of cell death that differs from previously known mechanisms., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Introduction: The gut microbiota, T cell subsets, and cytokines participate in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. To date, the mechanisms by which these factors interactively promote TB development at different time points remain largely unclear. In the context of this study, We looked into the microorganisms in the digestive tract, T cell types, and cytokines related to tuberculosis., Methods: According to QIIME2, we analyzed 16SrDNA sequencing of the gut microbiome on the Illumina MiSeq. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the concentrations of cytokines., Results: We showed the presence of 26 identifiable differential microbiomes in the gut and 44 metabolic pathways between healthy controls and the different time points in the development of TB in patients. Five bacterial genera ( Bacteroides , Bifidobacterium , Faecalibacterium , Collinsella , and Clostridium ) were most closely associated with CD4/CD8, whereas three bacterial taxa ( Faecalibacterium , Collinsella , and Clostridium ) were most closely associated with CD4. Three bacterial taxa ( Faecalibacterium , Ruminococcus , and Dorea ) were most closely associated with IL-4. Ruminococcus was most closely associated with IL-2 and IL-10., Conclusion: Diverse microorganisms, subsets of T cells, and cytokines, exhibiting varying relative abundances and structural compositions, were observed in both healthy controls and patients throughout distinct phases of tuberculosis. Gaining insight into the function of the gut microbiome, T cell subsets, and cytokines may help modulate therapeutic strategies for TB., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Chai, Liu, Bai, Zhou, Liu, Zhang, Li, Li and Lei.)