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Background: Cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) related to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) comprised overweight/obesity, impaired glucose metabolism, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. We aimed to describe the overlap prevalence and synergistic interaction of the five CMRFs on MASLD and liver fibrosis. Methods: Using data of 2017–2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we included non-pregnant participants aged ≥ 20 years who completed vibration-controlled transient elastography examinations and had sufficient information to determine their metabolic status. Logistic and generalized linear regression models were performed to assess synergistic interaction between CMRFs on MASLD and identify the contributions to liver fibrosis. Results: The overall estimated prevalence of MASLD was about 33.1%. More than 80% of patients had three or more CMRFs. For MASLD, synergistic interaction between pairs of overweight/obesity and other four CMRFs were higher than it between other CMRFs' pairs [attributable proportion(AP): 40–50% vs 20–30%]. For liver fibrosis, overweight/obesity and impaired glucose metabolism or hypertension had significant synergistic interactions (AP: 50% or 30%, respectively). We identified 27 out of 31 possible CMRF combinations. Combinations including dyslipidemia were more frequent in men than women (77% vs 59%). Combinations including hypertension were less in Mexican Americans than other ethnicities (25% vs 45–57%). Most combinations with three or more CMRFs, regardless of overlap type, had significant associations with elevated liver stiffness value. Conclusions: CMRF overlap was quite common and had additive interaction in patients with MASLD. Overlapping number may be more important than combination type in liver fibrosis development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the influence of dietary L-carnitine (LC) supplementation in fish diets with varying lipid levels is essential for comprehending its effects. The present study assessed the effect of dietary LC supplementation on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, and antioxidant capacity of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) at two dietary lipid levels. Two diets were formulated with 100 g kg−1 and 140 g kg−1 lipid levels as control diets, which were each supplemented with four LC levels at 0, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 g kg−1 to make the experimental diets. These diets were fed to fish weighing 10.80 ± 0.40 g for eight weeks. The results showed that dietary lipid and LC levels, and their interaction affected final body weight and weight gain of fish. The fish fed at 140 g kg−1 dietary lipid level supplemented with 0.2 (HC2) and 0.3 (HC3) g kg−1 LC increased weight gain by 5% and 23%, respectively, compared to those fed on the control diet (HC0). Moreover, the fish fed at 100 g kg−1 dietary lipid level supplemented with 0.2 (LC2), 0.3 (LC3), and 0.4 (LC4) g kg−1 LC increased weight gain by 12.6%, 5.8%, and 8.3% compared to those fed the control diet (LC0). Independently, dietary lipid and LC levels affected serum superoxide dismutase and liver catalase activities. Dietary lipid level affected body lipid and energy contents, serum malondialdehyde content, and liver glutathione peroxidase activity. The optimum dietary LC required for maximum weight gain was 0.31 g kg−1 for fish fed the diet containing 140 g kg−1 lipid level. The present study reveals that the effect of dietary LC varies at different lipid levels. We recommend adding 0.31 g kg−1 LC during the formulation of diets containing 140 g kg−1 lipid to improve growth performance of large yellow croaker during commercial farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study quantified the environmental impacts of residue burning of major produced and burned crops in Madhya Pradesh, central India. The environmental impacts were quantified using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) coupled with Monte Carlo simulation of 1000 iterations. Crop wise marginal impacts of the crops have been quantified using Multivariate regression model. The results showed that sugarcane and rice have the highest emissions in key impact categories, such as particulate matter formation (PMF) and global warming potential (GWP), whereas wheat and maize exhibit comparatively lower impacts. The combustion of residues significantly increases marine eutrophication (MEUT), agricultural land use (ALU), terrestrial acidification (TEAF) and GWP. Each kilogram of burned residue results in an increase of 21% in MEUT, 0.05% in ALU, 0.046% in TEAF and 0.028% in GWP, intensifying climate change. The results underscore the immediate necessity for specialized residue management strategies for sugarcane and rice crops. It is advisable to utilize sustainable alternatives such as composting or biochar production to mitigate emissions and enhance soil health, thereby addressing environmental and human health issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerated biological aging may be associated with increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). However, its relationship with genetic variation, and its effect on improving risk population stratification, remains unknown. We performed an exposome association study to determine potential associated factors associated with EAC. To quantify biological age and its difference from chronological age, we calculated the BioAge10 and Biological Age Acceleration (BioAgeAccel) based on chronological age and nine biomarkers. Multivariable Cox regression models for 362,310 participants from the UK Biobank with a median follow‐up of 13.70 years were performed. We established a weighted polygenic risk score (wPRS) associated with EAC, to assess joint and interaction effects with BioAgeAccel. Four indicators were used to evaluate their interaction effects, and we fitted curves to evaluate the risk stratification ability of BioAgeAccel. Compared with biologically younger participants, those older had higher risk of EAC, with adjusted HR of 1.79 (95%CI: 1.52–2.10). Compared with low wPRS and biologically younger group, the high wPRS and biologically older group had a 4.30‐fold increase in HR (95% CI: 2.78–6.66), at meanwhile, 1.15‐fold relative excess risk was detected (95% CI: 0.30–2.75), and 22% of the overall EAC risk was attributable to the interactive effects (95% CI: 12%–31%). The 10‐year absolute incidence risk indicates that biologically older individuals should begin screening procedures 4.18 years in advance, while youngers can postpone screening by 4.96 years, compared with general population. BioAgeAccel interacted positively with genetic variation and increased risk of EAC, it could serve as a novel indicator for predicting incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the majority of ecosystems are being invaded by multiple co‐occurring alien species. While most of the quantitative syntheses have focused on single invasive species impacts, a global‐scale quantitative synthesis on the interaction effects of species co‐invasions across multiple taxa and levels of ecological organization remain largely unexplored. We address this knowledge gap by synthesizing quantitative information from 256 effect sizes published in 36 studies, that reported the individual and interaction effects of co‐occuring alien plant and animal species. Although, our meta‐analysis showed that the mean interaction effect of co‐invasions across a range of variables was antagonistic (i.e. combined effect less than the sum of individual effects), the vote‐counting revealed additive interaction effects (i.e. combined effect equal to the sum of individual effects) to dominate individual observations. Also, the frequency of interaction effect types varied significantly with response variables, ecological organization, ecosystems, continents and study design, thereby indicating the role of these ecological characteristics in shaping co‐invasion interaction effects. Synthesis. Overall, our synthesis highlights the need for incorporating local ecological complexities in future co‐invasion impact research to better predict their interaction effect on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning across spatio‐temporal scales. Looking ahead, we call for concerted research efforts on the ecological impacts of co‐invasions to unravel the causes of variability in interaction outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friction wear is inevitable in roller bearings at high speeds, under heavy loads and vibration, and in other operating conditions. The use of grease can significantly reduce frictional wear. Sulfur–phosphorus additives have excellent anti-wear properties, oxidation resistance, and stability under high load and high-speed conditions. Their application in roller bearings enhances the performance of the grease, thus ensuring the normal operation of roller bearings. This study focuses on the effect of interaction between sulfur–phosphorus additives. Using a friction and wear tester and a rotational rheometer, the original roller bearing grease Fuchs 585k plus was used as the original grease, and the original grease was blended with MoS2, MoS2+TBP, and MoS2+T321, respectively, to comparatively analyze the effect of sulfur–phosphorus additives and their interaction effect on the tribological and rheological properties of the roller bearing grease. The results show that the addition of all the above three additives can improve the anti-wear performance and anti-shear performance of roller bearing grease. Among them, the most significant optimization effect is MoS2+T321, followed by MoS2, and finally MoS2+TBP. This result provides a new idea for the performance enhancement and formulation optimization of roller bearing grease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil price shocks are the major source of variation to macroeconomic indicators of the economy. However, nature of economy whether importing or exporting this valuable resource further exacerbates the interacting variables. Further, the policy stance of the economy is main indicator accelerating or decelerating the nexus of resource price to balances. For this purpose this study has examined the individual and interaction effects of financial and trade liberalization on the current account balance of OPEC economies. The study used a fixed effect panel estimators approach by categorizing the trade and financial openness indicators for the period of 1990-2021. The findings suggest that financial and trade liberalization both decelerate the process of adjustment in current accounts. The conclusion implies that the interaction effects of both moderators are critical for deteriorating the current account imbalances due to oil price shocks. The interaction effects are negative that imply to consider the complementary nature of oil price shock and financial integration/trade liberalization while, handling the current accounts of the oil exporting economies. The complementary effects further convey that while discussion of the adjustment to current accounts the trade openness/financial integration effects also needs attention for craving the policy relayed to oil shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perception of pain, encompassing pain threshold and tolerance levels, is a complex phenomenon influenced by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Notably, age and sex have consistently emerged as pivotal determinants in modulating pain perception. The study aimed to examine age and sex differences in pain threshold and tolerance levels. Furthermore, it delved into exploring whether age-related differences in pain threshold and tolerance levels vary between males and females. This study incorporated 484 healthy Santal tribal individuals aged 18–88 years (male 203 and female 281) living in Howrah and Purba Bardhaman Districts of West Bengal State, India, who reported no chronic or significant pain at the time of data collection. Pain threshold and tolerance levels were assessed using a digital algometer. Results of two-way ANOVA revealed significant main effects of age and sex on every pain threshold and tolerance level assessed in this study, indicating that older individuals had lower pain threshold and tolerance levels than younger ones. Males demonstrated greater levels of pain threshold and tolerance relative to females. Age and sex showed a significant interaction effect on pain tolerance levels, but not on pain threshold levels demonstrating the age-associated declining trend in pain threshold levels was consistent for either sex; however, such a tendency in pain tolerance levels was more pronounced in men. These findings highlight the importance of considering age and sex factors when assessing pain perception.

Abstract Background The prevalence of hypertension is high in Uganda, which places a significant burden on an already strained healthcare system. The behavioural risk factors, such as unhealthy diet, tobacco use, physical inactivity, and heavy drinking, contribute to hypertension development and complications. This study explored the associations of combined tobacco smoking and heavy alcohol consumption with existing hypertension in a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in two rural districts of Uganda. Methods We analysed data collected between December 2018 and January 2019 from 4,372 adults aged 25–70 from 3,689 random households in the Mukono and Buikwe districts, Uganda. Using logistic regression, crude, and adjusted odds ratios were calculated to describe the associations between participant characteristics, smoking, drinking behaviours, and high blood pressure (HBP). To determine effect modification due to combined tobacco smoking and heavy drinking, the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was computed. All analyses were performed via R programming software version 4.2.3. Results HBP was prevalent in 23% of the participants. Smokers were 1.36 times more likely to have HBP than non-smokers (Crude OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.04–1.76). Compared with non-drinkers, moderate alcohol drinkers were 1.45 times more likely to have HBP (AOR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.18–1.79), and heavy drinkers were 2.53 times more likely to have HBP (AOR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.92–3.32). The RERI indicated an additive interaction effect between smoking and heavy drinking, with conjoint smokers and heavy drinkers having 45% higher odds of having HBP than the summation of the individual risk due to smoking and heavy drinking. Conclusion Tobacco smoke interacts with heavy alcohol consumption to increase the risk of increased blood pressure (BP) when it cooccurs. Integrated intervention strategies targeting both smoking and heavy drinking are essential for reducing the incidence of hypertension in rural Uganda.

IntroductionSuicide of a loved one significantly affects the physical and mental well-being of close friends and family members, potentially escalating to suicidal ideation in severe cases. Suicidal ideation among survivors of suicide loss is influenced by a multitude of factors. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of suicidal ideation among survivors of suicide loss utilizing a psychological support hotline.MethodsThis study included calls identified as survivors of suicide loss from the Beijing Psychological Support Hotline between 2009 and 2023 and evaluated the suicidal ideation of callers. General demographic data and common risk factors of survivors of suicide loss were collected. A comparison was conducted between survivors of suicide loss with and without suicidal ideation. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for suicidal ideation among survivors of suicide loss. Finally, we evaluated both multiplicative and additive interactions among the risk factors.ResultsAmong the 308 calls from survivors of suicide loss, 174 (56.5%) exhibited suicidal ideation. Survivors who had experienced chronic negative life events (P=0.019), severe depression (P =0.010), or high levels of hopelessness (P=0.008) were more likely to develop suicidal ideation. The interaction between depression severity and hopelessness was additive, resulting in a 14.56-fold increase in the risk of developing suicidal ideation when both factors are present compared to their absence.ConclusionsIn the context of psychological support, chronic life events, high levels of hopelessness, and severe depression are risk factors for suicidal ideation among survivors of suicide loss. Moreover, hopelessness and depression demonstrate an additive interaction effect, substantially increasing the risk of suicidal ideation.

IntroductionThe association between aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) rs671 and diabetes remains controversial, with uncertainty about whether alcohol consumption or other factors mediate or modify this relationship. This study aimed to examine the ALDH2–diabetes association using standardized clinical criteria while systematically investigating potential confounding, mediating, and interacting factors in a community-based cohort.MethodWe analyzed baseline data from 4,535 participants in the China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort Study (4C study). Diabetes was diagnosed based on standardized clinical criteria, including fasting plasma glucose, 2-h postprandial glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), or documented prior diagnosis. We evaluated the association between ALDH2 rs671 and diabetes risk using both logistic and Cox regression models, with age as the time scale and adjustment for potential confounders. Comprehensive mediation and interaction analyses were performed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.ResultAmong male participants, the ALDH2 rs671 GA/AA genotype was associated with a lower diabetes risk compared to the GG genotype after adjusting for alcohol consumption and other potential confounders (OR = 0.751, 95% CI: 0.567–0.995). Subgroup analyses revealed that this protective effect was most pronounced in individuals with BMI < 24 (OR = 0.651, 95% CI: 0.448–0.947), with significant interaction p-values of 0.024. In mediation analysis, abdominal adiposity accounted for 30.4% (95% CI: 10.0%–127.0%) of the ALDH2–diabetes association and BMI mediated 18.9% (95% CI: 4.8%–75.4%) of this relationship, while alcohol consumption showed no significant mediating effect (p = 0.56).ConclusionOur findings revealed that East Asian men with the ALDH2 GG genotype had an increased risk of diabetes compared to those with the GA/AA genotype, particularly among individuals with a BMI < 24. Interestingly, increased adiposity, especially abdominal fat, emerged as a potential mediator rather than alcohol consumption. Thus, individuals with the GG genotype, even with a relatively normal BMI, may benefit from regular moderate-intensity exercise and dietary interventions aimed at managing waist circumference.

This study examined the interaction effect of sustainable and conventional hotel experience on satisfaction in sustainable hotels. Using a hierarchical linear model, Study 1 analysed 60,725 Tripadvisor review comments from the ten highest-rated sustainable hotels in the USA, and Study 2 conducted a '2 × 2' online experiment. Results empirically confirmed the positive impact of sustainable and conventional hotel experiences on satisfaction. They also demonstrated that how the sustainable and conventional hotel experiences interact can result in varying satisfaction levels. Specifically, a rank order in generating satisfaction was identified, with guests being more satisfied with highly sustainable, low conventional experiences than with low sustainable, high conventional ones. This study contributes to sustainable tourism literature by theoretically and empirically testing how and why the interaction effects on satisfaction occur in sustainable hotels. It provides practical implications for hotels on how to increase satisfaction by strategically integrating sustainable practices with conventional services. • The interaction between sustainable and conventional hotel experiences significantly impacts guest satisfaction. • The highest satisfaction is achieved by combining highly sustainable and conventional experiences, ranked by satisfaction. • Green hotel guests prefer highly sustainable, low conventional experiences over less sustainable, highly conventional ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective carbon pricing systems are essential for combating climate change, yet the synergistic potential of combined approaches remains underexplored. This study delves into the interaction effects of carbon emissions trading scheme (ETS) and carbon taxes using a dynamic recursive computable general equilibrium model. By developing six distinct policy scenarios, this study analyzes variations in emission mitigation effectiveness and associated costs. The findings highlight significant differences between implementing a comprehensive tax approach (CTA), which imposes a carbon tax on all industries, and a coverage-targeted only approach (CTO), which applies the carbon tax only to industries not covered by ETS. The CTO approach, while limited in its direct impact on high energy-intensive industries, demonstrates a substantial synergistic effect when combined with ETS. This synergy results in an additional reduction of 32 million tons of CO 2 and an economic cost of 5.24 billion yuan in GDP losses by 2030. Conversely, the CTA fails to achieve effective synergy with ETS, resulting in lower carbon prices and diminished carbon constraint capabilities. These insights underline the importance of strategic policy design in carbon mitigation, suggesting that a targeted approach can amplify the benefits of emissions trading systems. This study provides valuable guidance for policymakers aiming to enhance the effectiveness of carbon reduction strategies through integrated policy measures. • CTO significantly enhances the effectiveness of ETS, whereas CTA reduces effectiveness. • The CTO scenario leads to an increased ETS price, improving synergistic effects. • Under CTA, the ETS price is decreased, resulting in weakened carbon constraint. • The CTO paired with ETS cut additional 32 million tons of CO2 by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying how co-acting global change factors (GCFs) influence plant invasion is crucial for predicting future invasion dynamics. We did a meta-analysis to assess pairwise effects of five GCFs (elevated CO 2 , drought, eutrophication, increased rainfall and warming) on native and alien plants. We found that alien plants, compared to native plants, suffered less or benefited more for four of the eight pairwise GCF combinations, and that all GCFs acted additively. Subgroup analysis showed that the relative benefits of alien over native plants were particularly apparent when they grew in competition with one another, and that the results were largely the same when the aliens were restricted to naturalised or invasive species. Our meta-analysis provides evidence that additive effects of multiple global change factors on plant invasions are common, and thus that with the ongoing global environmental changes, the risk of plant invasion continues to increase., (© 2025 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)