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Communicative competence is one of the primary aims of English language education, and it highlights the proper use of language functions in specific situations. This study aimed to determine the language functions used in ESL classrooms by Junior High School students. The identified underrepresented language functions became the point of departure in designing an enhancement program to improve the conversational English skills of the students. This study used qualitative research design as it employed audio recordings, classroom observations, and field notes as instruments to gather data from the six (6) ESL classrooms. This study used the model of Michael Halliday's Language Functions as a framework for the conversation analysis of verbatim transcriptions. The study found that the participants mostly used representational, heuristic, personal, and instrumental language functions during their conversational English sessions. However, imaginative, regulatory, and interactional language functions were recognized as underrepresented. A Conversational English Enhancement Program (CEEP) Framework and Modules focused on the identified underrepresented language functions were designed for the language learners. The study's concerns, such as the sparse use of imaginative language function in discussion, ineffective ways of employing regulatory function in communication, and maintaining dialogues, were specifically and contextually targeted by the modules. Thus, students in ESL classrooms should be given avenues to exercise their conversational English skills by giving them exposure to authentic situations where they can maximize language functions appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language has long attracted the attention many linguists and researchers, and many theories have emerged that examined its various species, including Roman Jakobson's theories verbal or linguistic communication. Roman Jakobson proposed communication theory based six functions of the language, the function verbal event achived only through them, poetic text among the literary genres related to language communication. Because they are communication tools of the poet and recipient. Relying on a descriptive-analytical approach, this research tries to study the theory of linguistic communication in the poetry of Omani poet Talāl al-Saltī, so it deals with six linguistic functions in the poet's poetry: emotional functions, Sympathetic, Exhortative, referential, Metalinguistic and literary functions. In the end, the results indicate that the poet's messages were not only for the reader, but also his Lord and his love. By examining the poet's poetry, we can see that he has used common words in the function of encouraging words away from complexity, and the function of Sympathetic appears in poems whose purpose is to influence the Almighty God and the poet's mistress, so it can be said that the recipient of the poet's messages is not the only reader. Poems with referential functions such as reports have emerged that convey the poet's concerns to the audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language difficulties exert profound negative effects on the cognitive and social development of autistic children. Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) is a promising intervention for improving social communication in autistic children, but there is a lack of a comprehensive examination of language functions. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of PRT in promoting the primary language functions (requesting, labeling, repeating, responding) defined by (Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Martino Publishing.) theory of verbal behavior in autistic children. Thirty autistic children were randomly divided into the PRT group (Mage = 6.20, SDage = 1.21) and control group (Mage = 6.07, SDage = 1.49). The PRT group were provided with an 8-week training of the PRT motivation component in addition to treatment as usual (TAU) in their schools, whereas the control group only received TAU. Parents of the PRT group were also trained to practice the PRT motivation procedures at home. The PRT group demonstrated greater improvements in all four measured language functions compared to the control group. The improvement in language functions in the PRT group was generalized and maintained at the follow-up assessment. In addition, the PRT intervention enhanced untargeted social and communicative functioning, cognition, motor skills, imitation, and adaptive behaviors in the autistic children. In conclusion, language intervention using the motivation component of PRT is effective in promoting language functions as well as widespread untargeted cognitive and social functions in autistic children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkçe öğretmenlerinin ana dili eğitiminde karşılıklı konuşma becerisine yönelik dil işlevleriyle ilgili görüşlerini incelemektir. Nitel araştırma yaklaşımının benimsendiği çalışmada görüşme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, Türkiye’nin 7 bölgesindeki 18 farklı ilde görev yapan 30 Türkçe öğretmeninden oluşmaktadır. Öğretmenlerin görüşlerini alabilmek için araştırmacıların geliştirdiği açık uçlu yarı yapılandırılmış sorulardan oluşan “Ana Dili Eğitiminde Karşılıklı Konuşma Becerisine Yönelik Dil İşlevlerine İlişkin Öğretmen Görüşme Formu” kullanılmıştır. Ulaşılan veriler, içerik çözümlemesi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda ortaokullardaki konuşma becerisi eğitiminin günlük hayatla ilişkisinin zayıf olduğu ve konuşma becerisinde dil işlevlerine yönelik bir düzenlemeye gidilmesi ve öğretim programı, kazanımlar, ders kitapları, etkinlikler ile ölçme araç ve gereçlerinin dil işlevlerine yönelik hazırlanması gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca dil işlevlerini Türkçe öğretmenlerine benimsetmek için çeşitli eğitimlerin verilmesi, etkinliklerin yapılmasına ihtiyaç olduğu bulgulanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına dayalı olarak program geliştiriciler, ders kitabı yazarları, ölçme ve değerlendirme uzmanları ile öğretmenlere yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Social media platforms, such as Twitter (now X), are a major source of communication. Identifying communicative intentions is useful, as it encapsulates the latent motivations that drive text creation. This intention is also helpful in understanding the message, context, and audience. This study proposes a method for detecting communicative intentions in tweets using Jakobson’s language functions. We constructed a meticulously annotated dataset, drawing from the extensive RepLab2013 corpus. Our dataset underwent rigorous scrutiny by linguistic annotators who analyzed over 12,000 tweets individually. These experts identified the dominant language function within each tweet by employing diverse strategies to ensure precise labeling quality. The outcome demonstrated a noteworthy Kappa agreement score of 0.6, reflecting a strong inter-annotator reliability. Subsequently, these functions were mapped to the corresponding intention categories. We employed logistic regression and support vector machines (SVM) algorithms to classify intention in tweets and explored various pre-processing techniques, incorporating n-grams and bag-of-words representations. Furthermore, we expanded our research using pre-trained large language models, incorporating the latest state-of-the-art techniques in natural language processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper examines the linguistic and communication changes taking place in poetic dis­course under the influence of new media. The digital interface (blogs, social networks, applica­tions) affects the transformation of all the parameters of communication, due to the dominance of information channels and codes. The interaction of poetic language with colloquial speech and the influence of digital technologies lead to the creation of new strategies of subjectivation and addressing in contemporary poetry, as well as to an increase in the role of poetic pragmat­ics. In addition, the process of meaning formation in contemporary poetry involves the mech­anism of transcoding, i. e. the transfer of a message from one format to another, which can take place during the conversion from a paper (or analogue) format to a digital one. Transcoding involves a change in the form and content of the message, as well as other communication parameters. The paper classifies and explores in detail the pragmatic parameters that undergo transcoding under the influence of digital technologies, acting as new pragmatic techniques of poetic utterance.

This study focuses on the linguistic landscape in public transportation places in Sidoarjo Regency. It aims to analyze the use and function of language on signs at Sidoarjo Train Station, Waru Train Station, Purabaya Bus Station, Larangan Bus Station, and Juanda Airport. According to Spolsky and Cooper's theoretical framework, signs are classified based on various criteria forming language taxonomy on signs. The data collection was conducted using observation and interviews. The interview was conducted with one person (passenger) at each location and the observation lasted for four days for all locations, followed by data integration and analysis. The study identified 94 signs, including 62 monolingual (Indonesian and English) and 32 bilingual (Indonesian-English) signs functioning as prohibition, warning, labeling, direction, and information. The findings found the diverse linguistic landscape in the public transportation places in Sidoarjo Regency, which had an impact on communication and navigation for both domestic and foreign passengers. Furthermore, for future research, the researchers suggest using mixed methods for analysis and addressing specific areas, particularly enhancing the clarity and visibility of prohibition signs for passenger safety.