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Mung bean is a vital legume crop in Pakistan, contributing significantly to both dietary needs and agricultural sustainability due to its rich nutrient content and soil-enhancing properties through nitrogen fixation. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of vermicompost, simple compost and NP fertiliser on the morpho-physiological, biochemical and yield characteristics of mung bean. Treatments included vermicompost, compost and their combinations with NP fertiliser. Key parameters assessed were plant height, crop germination, leaf size, nodule viability, pod length, grain protein content and yield attributes. Results indicated that while vermicompost alone improved growth and productivity, the combination of 50% vermicompost with 50% NP fertiliser yielded the highest productivity. Intermediate results were observed with a mixture of 25% vermicompost, 25% compost and 50% NP fertiliser, whereas the control (100% NP fertiliser) and compost treatments alone resulted in the lowest productivity and decreased soil fertility. The study concluded that integrating organic and chemical fertilisers, particularly at a 50:50 vermicompost to NP fertiliser ratio, is optimal for enhancing mung bean yield and soil health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbicide residues can negatively impact crop rotation and plant growth-promoting bacteria. This study examined the effect of atrazine on the expression of genes related to IAA production and phosphate solubilisation in Bacillus stercoris B.PNR1 and B.PNR2 under in vitro conditions. Results showed that B.PNR2 exhibited a more significant upregulation of the genes encoding aldehyde dehydrogenase (locus tags NZD81_05285 and NZD81_18505) and glucose 1-dehydrogenase (locus tags NZD81_05445 and NZD81_17730) compared to B.PNR1 when exposed to 200 µg/L of atrazine in the culture medium (P < 0.05). Specifically, the expression levels of NZD81_05445 and NZD81_17730 were over 30 times higher at 200 µg/L compared to the control (P < 0.05). The growth of mung bean seedlings in atrazine-contaminated soil varied by inoculation method. Seeds soaked in bacterial cell suspension for 24 h had a low survival percentage (41.25% to 51.25%), while directly pouring the suspension into the soil or soaking root-protruded seeds resulted in better survival (75.00% to 94.29%). The expression of both genes may be associated with enhanced growth of mung bean seedlings in atrazine-contaminated soil, as B.PNR2 has demonstrated a more effective trend than B.PNR1 in both soil conditions. For instance, shoot lengths of mung beans in non-contaminated and atrazine-contaminated soil were 16.35 ± 0.23 cm and 12.49 ± 0.21 cm with B.PNR2, compared to 14.94 ± 0.26 cm and 12.47 ± 0.21 cm with B.PNR1. Applying B.PNR2 directly to the soil resulted in specific root lengths of mung bean seedlings grown in atrazine-contaminated soil measuring 3.14 ± 0.06 m/g. In contrast, B.PNR1 produced a specific root length of 2.86 ± 0.06 m/g. Both bacterial suspensions demonstrated significantly higher specific root lengths than the control group, which measured 1.84 ± 0.05 m/g (P < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effects of nitric oxide (NO) treatment on ascorbic acid (AsA) metabolism and mung bean sprout quality. It examined changes in the AsA content, enzyme activity associated with AsA metabolism, antioxidant capacity, cell membrane composition, and cellular structure to clarify the effects of NO on mung bean sprouts. RESULTS: Nitric oxide treatment preserved mung bean sprout quality by enhancing significantly the activity of enzymes involved in the l‐galactose pathway (including guanosine diphosphate (GDP)glutathione (‐d‐mannose pyrophosphorylase, GDP‐mannose‐3′,5′‐epimerase, GDP‐l‐galactose phosphorylase, l‐galactose‐1‐phosphate phosphatase, l‐galactose dehydrogenase, and l‐galactose‐1,4‐lactone dehydrogenase) and the AsA‐glutathione (GSH)(Beijing Solarbio Science and Technology Co.,Ltd., Beijing, China) cycle (including ascorbate peroxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase, glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and monodehydroascorbate reductase) during the germination and storage stage. Increased enzyme activity led to an increase in AsA content and enhanced antioxidant capacity, and reduced the membrane lipid damage in mung bean sprouts. This was demonstrated by higher levels of DPPH radical scavenging capacity, unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids, along with lower levels of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anions, and malondiadehyde, in NO‐treated mung bean sprouts. Scanning electron microscopy also revealed that NO treatment maintained the integrity of the cellular structure of the mung bean sprouts. CONCLUSION: Nitric oxide accelerates AsA metabolism effectively by regulating the biosynthesis and regeneration of AsA in mung bean sprouts. These changes increased AsA levels, alleviated membrane lipid damage, delayed senescence, and maintained the quality of mung bean sprouts during storage. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBasmati rice is widely consumed worldwide for its pleasant aroma and magnificent cooking qualities which are directly affected by nitrogen application. The excessive use of chemical fertilizers has degraded soil quality and caused environmental pollution, which necessitates assessment of alternative approaches. Thus, optimizing sustainable nutrient management for photo-sensitive and photo-insensitive basmati rice cultivars is crucial for the long-term viability of the basmati rice-wheat cropping system. A field experiment was conducted for 2 years to evaluate the effect of preceding green manuring crops, cultivars, and nitrogen levels on growth and yield attributes, nitrogen uptake, and use efficiencies of direct seeded basmati rice (DSBR) along with growth and yield of wheat. Preceding green manuring crops (Sunnhemp, summer mung bean, and summer fallow) and basmati rice cultivars (Pusa Basmati 1718 and Punjab Basmati 7) were taken in main plots and nitrogen levels (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg N/ha) in sub plots with three replications. Sunnhemp and summer mung bean incorporation significantly improved growth and yield attributes viz., plant height, dry matter accumulation, effective tillers, grains per panicle, ultimately resulting in a significant increase in yield as compared to summer fallow. The grain yield of basmati rice after sunnhemp and summer mung bean incorporation was increased by 28.2 and 15.8% over summer fallow. DSBR significantly responded to nitrogen application up to 20, 40, and 60 kg N/ha after sunnhemp, summer mung bean incorporation, and summer fallow, respectively. Among cultivars, the Pusa Basmati 1718 produced significantly higher plant height and straw yield in contrast to Punjab Basmati 7 which produced significantly higher effective tillers and grain yield. Thus, in-situ incorporation of green manuring crops was beneficial to save nitrogen and sustain the productivity of direct seeded basmati rice-wheat (DSBR-W) cropping system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mung beans have been extensively studied for their health benefits, yet challenges persist in optimizing their use in functional foods and ensuring safety. This review highlights bioactive compounds in mung beans and their hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-anemic, antistress, anti-obesity, and anti-Alzheimer’s effects. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science in January 2024 yielded 8,003 records, with 30 in vivo studies meeting inclusion criteria. Hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects were reported in 33% of studies, while antidiabetic effects were observed in 30%, and antihypertensive activity in 17%. The review also addresses food safety considerations, including anti-nutritional factors, processing methods like fermentation and hydrolysis, and risks such as allergenic responses or microbial contamination. However, current research faces limitations, including reliance on animal models, variability in preparation methods, and lack of standardization, hindering translation to human applications. To bridge these gaps, this review recommends future research on human clinical trials, standardized preparation protocols, and underexplored therapeutic areas like anti-Alzheimer and anti-anemic effects. By evaluating different parts of the mung bean (e.g. sprouts, extracts, proteins, and coats) and their preparation methods, this review aims to guide the development of safe, functional foods and nutraceuticals, linking preclinical findings to practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of the yield of short-season crops under insufficient irrigation is of particular importance for regions that face water deficit during the plant growth period. This experiment was carried out by investigating the effects of organic and biological fertilizers on the growth, yield and water use efficiency of mung bean plants under water deficit conditions and the traits affecting grain yield. Experiment treatments including irrigation at three levels (100, 80 and 60% of water requirement (WR)), organic fertilizer (0 and 16 and 24 t/ha manure) and biofertilizer (control, Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and enterobacter (EB)). In stress and non-stressed conditions, the application of AM and organic fertilizer has increased the number of seeds and the number of plant pods. The highest weight of one hundred seeds was obtained in the condition of 80% WR and application of organic and biological fertilizer. The number of primary branches was higher with the use of EB, but the highest number of secondary branches was observed in the plant with AM. The highest plant height, biological yield and seed were observed in the condition of 100% WR and 24 t/ha of organic fertilizer and application of AM and EB. The highest water use efficiency was obtained with irrigation of 80% WR and application of AM and 24 t/ha of organic fertilizer, as well as irrigation of 60% WR and application of AM and 24 t/ha of organic fertilizer. The use of organic fertilizer along with biofertilizers in stress conditions has increased the measured traits, and this increase was more in severe stress with AM than EB fertilizer. The results of the path analysis showed that the weight of one hundred seeds, the number of seeds in the pod and biological yield are the most direct effects on seed yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural growers worldwide face significant challenges in promoting plant growth. This research introduces a green strategy utilizing nanomaterials to enhance crop production. While high concentrations of nanomaterials are known to be hazardous to plants, this study demonstrates that low doses of biologically synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) can serve as an effective regulatory tool to boost plant growth. These nanoparticles were produced using Nigella sativa seed extract and characterized through UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antifungal properties of ZnO NPs were evaluated against Cercospora canescens, the causative agent of Cercospora leaf spot in mung bean. Application of ZnO NPs significantly improved plant metrics, including shoot, root, pod, leaf, and root nodule counts, as well as plant length, fresh weight, and dry weight—all indicators of healthy growth. Moreover, low-dose ZnO NPs positively influenced enzymatic activity, physicochemical properties, and photosynthetic parameters. These findings suggest that biologically synthesized ZnO NPs offer a promising approach for enhancing crop yield and accelerating plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mung bean (Vigna radiata (Linn) Wilczek.) is a major grain crop in China, but its yield is significantly impacted by weeds. However, no pre-emergence herbicides are registered for mung bean fields in the China Pesticide Information Network. Screening for efficient and safe pre-emergence herbicides could improve mung bean production efficiency. In this study, six pre-emergence herbicides were selected: 480 g/L alachlor (1935.00 g a.i ha−1), 720 g/L metolachlor (1620.00 g a.i ha−1), 100 g/L imazethapyr (100.50 g a.i ha−1), 338 g/L oxadiazon (507.00 g a.i ha−1), 330 g/L pendimethalin (144.00 g a.i ha−1), and 480 g/L trifluralin (720.00 g a.i ha−1). Through Petri dish screening, a spraying treatment was carried out before seed germination. By measuring the root length and shoot length, imazethapyr (100.50 g a.i ha−1) and oxadiazon (507.00 g a.i ha−1) were screened out. They were applied to potted plants and sprayed after sowing. The results showed that imazethapyr (100.50 g a.i. ha−1) and oxadiazon (507.00 g a.i. ha−1) had no inhibitory effect on the growth and development of the mung bean. Subsequently, experiments were conducted with imazethapyr (100.50 g a.i ha−1) and oxadiazon (507.00 g a.i ha−1) applied in the field. Compared to the control, under imazethapyr (100.50 g a.i ha−1) and oxadiazon (507.00 g a.i ha−1), the agronomic traits, photosynthetic pigment content, yield, and yield components were not inhibited; the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase were increased; and gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were not inhibited. In addition, soil urease activity decreased and soil invertase and alkaline phosphatase activity increased after 60 d of treatment. In summary, imazethapyr and oxadiazon can effectively control weeds and increase mung bean yield. The purpose of this study is to screen out safe and efficient pre-emergence herbicides suitable for the Shanxi mung bean, which is of great significance due to its large-scale planting industrialization and the development of advantageous industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current investigation is to explore the novel application of pumpkin, papaya, and orange peels as growth substrates for microalgae cultivation, with the overarching goal of advancing a sustainable "Agro to Agro" biorefinery paradigm. The research evaluates the integration of waste management practices into microalgal production, optimizing growth parameters to maximize output. Optimal concentrations of 2.8 mg L−1 for orange peels, 35.5 mg L−1 for papaya peels, and 35.5 mg L−1 for pumpkin peels were identified, alongside a light intensity of 163.7 µmol m−2 s−1 and a nitrogen concentration of 0.8 g L−1. Under these conditions, Chlorella sorokiniana demonstrated peak biomass production of 3.16 g L−1, lipid productivity of 1.55 g L−1, and carotenoid productivity of 9.18 mg L−1, additionally, yielding significant amounts of palmitic acid (47.9%) and lutein. The study further explored the conversion of residual microalgae into biochar, with optimal pyrolysis conducted at 350 °C. The as-synthesized biochar was utilized effectively as a soil amendment for cultivating Vigna radiata. The present study underscores the viability of a closed-loop biorefinery approach, demonstrating the recycling of pumpkin, papaya, and orange peels as effective substrates for microalgae cultivation and subsequent biochar conversion for potential industrial applications. The promising results of the study advocate to the feasibility of this integrated model for sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing frequency of heat stress events due to climate change disrupts all stages of plant growth, significantly reducing yields, especially in crops like mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek). Mung beans are vital grain legumes in Southeast Asian countries and are crucial for food security. Thus, it is essential to understand the physiological and yield-related trait responses of mung bean genotypes and harness germplasm with enhanced heat tolerance to mitigate the impact of rising heat stress on mung bean yield. This study assesses the physiological and yield-related responses of ten diverse mung bean genotypes grown under three temperature regimes (34/25 °C, 39/30 °C, and 42/30 °C) in three growth chambers. We found significant genetic variability in phenological, physiological, and yield-related traits under control and heat stress conditions. Severe leaf damage, indicated by high cell membrane injury, reduced chlorophyll index, and diminished chlorophyll fluorescence, was observed under 39/30 °C and 42/30 °C conditions. Similarly, significant reductions in yield component traits, including effective pods per plant, total seeds per plant, single-seed weight, and seed yield per plant, were evident in the tested genotypes under 39/30 °C and 42/30 °C conditions. Correlation analysis suggested that selecting genotypes with higher chlorophyll index and increased canopy temperature depression could help identify mung bean varieties with enhanced pod and seed yields under heat stress. Clustering analysis identified genotypes PI 425425, PI 425238, and PI 363361 as potential candidates for breeding programs to develop climate-resilient cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying planting layouts during the seedling stage of mung beans (Vigna radiata L.) is crucial for assessing cultivation conditions and providing support for precise management. Traditional information extraction methods are often hindered by engineering workloads, time consumption, and labor costs. Applying deep-learning technologies for information extraction reduces these burdens and yields precise and reliable results, enabling a visual analysis of seedling distribution. In this work, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was employed to capture visible light images of mung bean seedlings in a field across three height gradients of 2 m, 5 m, and 7 m following a time series approach. To improve detection accuracy, a small target detection layer (p2) was integrated into the YOLOv8-obb model, facilitating the identification of mung bean seedlings. Image detection performance and seedling information were analyzed considering various dates, heights, and resolutions, and the K-means algorithm was utilized to cluster feature points and extract row information. Linear fitting was performed via the least squares method to calculate planting layout parameters. The results indicated that on the 13th day post seeding, a 2640 × 1978 image captured at 7 m above ground level exhibited optimal detection performance. Compared with YOLOv8, YOLOv8-obb, YOLOv9, and YOLOv10, the YOLOv8-obb-p2 model improved precision by 1.6%, 0.1%, 0.3%, and 2%, respectively, and F1 scores improved by 2.8%, 0.5%, 0.5%, and 3%, respectively. This model extracts precise information, providing reliable data for quantifying planting layout parameters. These findings can be utilized for rapid and large-scale assessments of mung bean seedling growth and development, providing theoretical and technical support for seedling counting and planting layouts in hole-seeded crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "Author Index for Volume 46 (2024)" from the journal "Ozone: Science & Engineering" provides a comprehensive list of authors and their respective articles published in the volume. The articles cover a wide range of topics related to ozone applications, including virucidal efficacy, seed disinfection, microcystin removal, catalytic ozonation, and ozonated water treatments. The document highlights the diverse research efforts and applications of ozone technology in various fields, showcasing the importance of ozone in addressing environmental and health-related challenges. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: Green soybean (edamame), an early-harvested soybean, is a popular vegetable in Asia and is recognised as a healthy vegetable in the other parts of the world. In Japan, edamame yield has gradually decreased over the last 30 years, despite similar cultivation areas. Damage caused by the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines , is one of the main causes. We surveyed the distribution of SCN in different locations and found a wide distribution of SCN across Japan. Different control measures are available, such as chemical control using fumigants or a granular type of nematicide, solarisation, and rotation with non-host crops. We are developing a new type of biological control method, which comprises short-term field cultivation and soil incorporation of mung bean. This method not only decreases the SCN density in soil but also mitigates soil erosion and nitrate leaching. For future SCN control it is essential to establish an environmentally friendly management strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High moisture extrusion is a widely used technology for producing fibrous meat analogues in an efficient and scalable manner. Extrusion of soy, wheat gluten, and pea is well-documented and related products are already available in the market. There has been growing interest to diversify the protein sources used for meat analogues due to concerns over food waste, monocropping and allergenicity. Optimizing the extrusion process for plant proteins (e.g., hemp, mung bean, fava bean) tends to be time consuming and relies on the operators' intuition and experience to control the process well. Simulating the extrusion process has been challenging so far due to the diverse inputs and configurations involved during extrusion. This review details the mechanism for fibrous structure formation and provides an overview of the extrusion parameters used for texturizing a broad range of plant protein sources. Referring to these data reduces the resources needed for optimizing the extrusion process for novel proteins and may be useful for future extrusion modeling efforts. The review also highlights potential challenges and opportunities for extruding plant proteins, which may help to accelerate the development and commercialization of related products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Accessing the underlying genetics of complex traits, especially in small grain pulses is an important breeding objective for crop improvement. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) analyze thousands of genetic variants across several genomes to identify links with specific traits. This approach has discovered many strong associations between genes and traits, and the number of associated variants is expected to continue to increase as GWAS sample sizes increase. GWAS has a range of applications like understanding the genetic architecture associated with phenotype, estimating genetic correlation and heritability, developing genetic maps based on novel identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/genes, and developing hypotheses related to specific traits in the next generation. So far, several causative alleles have been identified using GWAS which had not been previously detected using QTL mapping. GWAS has already been successfully applied in mung bean (Vigna radiata) to identify SNPs/alleles that are used in breeding programs for enhancing yield and improvement against biotic and abiotic factors. In this review, we summarize the recently used advanced genetic tools, the concept of GWAS and its improvement in combination with structural variants, the significance of combining high-throughput phenotyping and genome editing with GWAS, and also highlights the genetic discoveries made with GWAS. Overall, this review explains the significance of GWAS with other advanced tools in the future, concluding with an overview of the current and future applications of GWAS with some recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feasibility of the two methodologies was confirmed to compare the results of determining mung bean origins using Raman and Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Spectra from mung beans collected in Baicheng City, Jilin Province; Dorbod Mongol Autonomous, Tailai County, Heilongjiang Province; and Sishui County, Shandong Province, China, were analyzed. We established a traceability model using Principal Component Analysis combined with the K-nearest neighbor method to compare the efficacy of these methods in discriminating the origins of the mung beans. The total cumulative variance explained by the first three principal components from the NIR of mung beans from different origins was 99.01%, which is 6.71% higher than that derived from Raman. Additionally, the discrimination rate for mung bean origins based on NIR spectral data reached 98.67%, outperforming the Raman-based approach by 22.67%. These findings indicate that NIR spectroscopy is more effective than Raman spectroscopy is in tracing the provenance of mung beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is a crucial mitochondrial enzyme in the electron transport chain of plants, implicated in energy production and stress responses. Despite its importance, the function of COX in leguminous plants, especially under heavy metal stress like cadmium (Cd), remains understudied. Methods and results: In this study, COX genes (COX s) were identified based on the genome annotation file in mung bean (Vigna radiata (Linn.) R. Wilczek), and the gene structure, physicochemical properties and systematic relationships of the relevant amino acid sequences were analyzed by using bioinformatics method. The effects of Cd on the transcription levels and activities of COX in mung bean roots, stems, and leaves were detected to understand the mechanism of COX in mung bean in response to cadmium (Cd) stress. Transcriptome sequencing revealed tissue-specific expression with roots showed the highest levels. Cd stress significantly altered the expression and activity of VrCOXs, particularly in roots and stems, with varied responses among different genes. Conclusions: The differential response of VrCOX s to Cd stress indicates a role in the plant stress tolerance mechanism. The study provides insights into the function of COXs in legumes and a foundation for further research into Cd tolerance mechanisms, which could be vital for enhancing legume production and ensuring food safety in contaminated environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of four plant extracts on the agronomic performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata) during the 2020 growing season at two sites in the northern highlands of Tanzania, namely Miwaleni and TARI Selian, located in the Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions, respectively. The extracts tested included Tephrosia vogelii, Clutia abyssinica, Clausena anisata , and Lobelia giberroa , using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Extract concentrations ranged from 0 to 10,000 mg, with the mung bean variety " Imara " being used. The results indicated that the Miwaleni site significantly outperformed SARI Selian in grain yield, with 762 and 279 kg ha−1, and plant height, with 59.6 and 58.6 cm, respectively. Notably, L. gibelloa produced the highest grain yield at 583.6 kg ha−1, significantly (p = 0.011) greater than that of C. anisata (434.7 kg ha−1). Yields from T. vogelii (542.8 kg ha−1) and C. abyssinica (521.6 kg ha−1) were not significantly different from L. gibelloa. For plant height, C. abyssinica and L. gibelloa had the tallest averages at 60.1 and 60.3 cm, respectively, although these differences were not statistically significant. The interaction between extract concentrations and their effects on yield and height was also examined. At 0% concentration, L. gibelloa had the highest yield (648.8 kg ha−1) and height (65 cm). A concentration of 100 mg generally improved yields for the majority of extracts, particularly C. abyssinica (569.8 kg ha−1), while higher concentrations (1,000 and 10,000 mg) led to significant reductions in yield and height, especially for C. anisata. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing extract levels and considering site-specific factors for enhancing mung bean productivity and sustainability, emphasizing the potential of L. gibelloa in improving yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mung bean is a crop famous for drought resistance and barren resistance in the world. Most of the mung beans in China were planted in barren and mountainous areas. The mung bean varieties bred under adverse conditions showed excessive nutritional growth, weak reproductive growth and severe flower and pod drop during the flowering and pod period in areas with good fertilizer and water conditions, which resulting in a phenomenon of poor economic output. In order to breed a new variety of mung bean that can be used for both water and drought, the Mixed Bean Research Group of the Institute of Economic Crops, Shanxi Agricultural University conducted field identification on existing mung bean germplasm resources. Resources with strong resilience and good adaptability were selected for new combination configuration. In 2010, with Jilv 10 developed by Hebei Grain and Oil Institute as the female parent, and the domesticated 'Black and Bright' mung bean germplasm resources from Jilin Province as the male parent, through sexual hybridization, the F4 targeted breeding was carried out through water and drought shuttle, so as to obtain a new variety Fen mung bean No.5. It was approved by Shanxi Provincial Quality Inspection Commission in August 2021. This variety was suitable for spring sowing in various regions of Shanxi (and at the same latitude) and summer sowing in central and southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feasibility of the two methodologies was confirmed to compare the results of determining mung bean origins using Raman and Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Spectra from mung beans collected in Baicheng City, Jilin Province; Dorbod Mongol Autonomous, Tailai County, Heilongjiang Province; and Sishui County, Shandong Province, China, were analyzed. We established a traceability model using Principal Component Analysis combined with the K-nearest neighbor method to compare the efficacy of these methods in discriminating the origins of the mung beans. The total cumulative variance explained by the first three principal components from the NIR of mung beans from different origins was 99.01%, which is 6.71% higher than that derived from Raman. Additionally, the discrimination rate for mung bean origins based on NIR spectral data reached 98.67%, outperforming the Raman-based approach by 22.67%. These findings indicate that NIR spectroscopy is more effective than Raman spectroscopy is in tracing the provenance of mung beans.

Dinotefuran (DNF) residue in foods is harmful to human health, hence, it is significant to detect it. Herein, a composite of β-‍‍cyclodextrin/activated mung bean-derived carbon (β-CD/AMBC-3) was prepared and used to modify GCE. Then a DNF imprinted copolymer (MIP) film of thionine and catechol was electrodeposited. The AMBC-‍3 had plentiful pores, excellent conductivity, and high catalytic activity, beneficial for β-CD immobilization and signal amplification; the MIP and β-CD could cooperate to improve recognition capability. In addition, the poly(thionine) could act as an internal-reference probe for ratiometric detection, calibrating the effects of condition fluctuation during detection. Thus, the resulted sensor displayed high reproducibility, selectivity, and sensitivity. It showed linear response to DNF over the range of 0.05 ‍μM–10 μM, with a detection limit of 0.016 ‍μM (S/N = 3) and sensitivity of 550.6 μA mM−1 cm−2. Its practicability was validated by determining DNF in real samples, with recoveries of 92.0 %–102 %. Dual-monomer molecular imprinting and β-CD-activated mung bean derived carbon composite were combined to construct a signal on/off ratiometric electrochemical sensor for the detection of dinotefuran. [Display omitted] • β-CD/activated biomass carbon composite was used to boost dinotefuran signal. • Poly(thionine) as reference probe effectively reduced the signal fluctuation. • Molecularly imprinted copolymer and β-CD cooperated to enhance selectivity. • The sensor showed high practicability for dinotefuran detection in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymer-based emulsion systems have been used for food preservation. In this study, mung bean protein (MBP) was added to konjac glucomannan (KGM)/curdlan-based camellia oil emulsion (KC-CO) to develop KCM-CO emulsion system. KCM-CO emulsions showed good compatibility and stability during storage. The confocal laser scanning microscopy, atomic force microscope, and infrared spectroscopy revealed that camellia oil was successfully emulsified by MBP, and the resulting droplets were evenly distributed in the polysaccharide network formed by KGM and curdlan micelles based on hydrogen bonds. The emulsions behaved as an elastic solid, and the KCM-CO emulsion films exhibited a compact microstructure, and the emulsification of MBP enhanced the compatibility, as K 54 C 40 M 6 -CO had the smoothest surface. The addition of MBP significantly improved the elongation at break (EAB), water contact angle (WCA), dissolution, and gas permeability of the emulsion films. K 54 C 40 M 6 -CO showed the largest EAB (37.6 %), strong hydrophobicity (WCA = 97.8°), and low water vapor and oxygen permeability. In the preservation experiments, K 54 C 40 M 6 -CO coating significantly delayed the weight loss (by 41.2 %) and firmness decline (by 54.5 %), and maintained the appearance, total solids, total acids, and ascorbic acid content of cherry tomatoes, and inhibited the respiratory intensity by 44.2 %. This coating showed great potential for fruit and vegetable preservation. • Camellia oil was successfully emulsified by mung bean protein (MBP). • KGM was entangled with curdlan micelles, with emulsion droplets distribution. • MBP significantly improved the microstructure and barrier properties. • The emulsion coating maintained the quality and inhibited the respiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Macroalgae aquaculture in photobioreactors boosts a circular economy and Zero Waste. • Sarcodia suiae aids waste recycling in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture. • The system captures CO 2 to turn aquaculture waste into energy and fertilizers. • Minimize ecological impact by detoxifying and cleaning shrimp farming wastewater. Aquaculture waste and carbon dioxide (CO 2) are a global concern. Sarcodia suiae cultivated in outdoor photobioreactors (PBRs) using shrimp aquaculture wastewater and CO 2 from biogas demonstrates significant benefits. It boosted biomass by 18.72 % with nearly 100 % removal of COD, inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and 41–89 % organic N and P removal from AWW. Sarcodia aqueous extracts were biostimulants for promoting mung bean and rice seedling growth, and Sarcodia remnants/shrimp pond bottom sludge generated a biogas yield of 457.07 L/kg-VS methane (CH 4)/day. Biogas provides renewable energy for the system's needs. The solid residues after biogas fermentation serve as biofertilizers for enhancing rice yield by a 15 % increase up to 5.53 tons/ha/year. A Zero-Waste approach is successfully established using S. suiae as a model for recirculating aquaculture wastes to sequester 239.04 tons CO 2 /ha/year, capture N and sulfur (S), and produce renewable energy. and create biostimulants and biofertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to improve couscous chemical and functional properties by replacing wheat flour used in traditional couscous production with pea and mung bean flours as different protein sources at the rate of 20% and with ginger and turmeric powders as antioxidant sources at the rate of 1%, 2%, and 3%. Sixteen different couscous formulations were produced. In those couscous samples, some chemical contents (moisture, ash, protein, fat, and phytic acid), bioactive contents (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and ion reducing antioxidant capacity antioxidant activities and total phenolic content), color (L*, a*, and b*), firmness and cooking properties were determined. The use of pea and mung bean flour decreased the L* value of the samples, while turmeric increased the yellowness values. In addition, the weight increase and firmness values of couscous decreased with the use of leguminous flours and antioxidant sources. The use of peas and mung beans significantly increased the amount of ash, protein, and phytic acid values compared to the control. The antioxidant activity value of ion-reducing antioxidant activity capacity increased by 7 and 5 times, and the total phenolic contents increased approximately 2 times, respectively, in the samples with the substitution of 3% turmeric and pea and mung bean flour. Pea flour and mung bean flour provided a significant increase in the amounts of Ca, Mg, K, and Zn. The combination of pea flour with 3% turmeric powder resulted in couscous with superior nutritional and functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new B. amyloliquefacines was utilized to ferment mung beans, cowpeas, and quinoa. • Both functional activity and favorable flavor were enhanced by fermentation. • A total of six key volatile flavor compounds were identified through OPLS-DA. In this work, the functional activities including α-glucosidase, α-amylase, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, and antioxidant activity of mixed grains (mung beans, cowpeas, and quinoa) fermented with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SY07 were investigated. The volatile flavor of the mixed grains collected every 12 h during 72 h-fermentation were further detected as well. The inhibition on α-glucosidase and α-amylase reached up to 89.34 % and 50.03 % with the sample concentration of 5.17 and 9.38 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the ACE inhibitory activity reached to 93.66 % with the sample concentration of 0.59 mg/mL. The antioxidant capacity of the mixed grains, evaluated by ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging capacities and ferric ion reducing power, was also significantly improved (p < 0.05) during fermentation. The maximum of ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging capacities increased to 8.64 and 3.21 mg TE/g DW, respectively, and the maximum ferric ion reducing power reached to 5.73 mg TE/g DW. Twenty-one volatile flavor compounds with odor activity values (OAVs) ≥ 1 were detected, and six key volatile flavor substances were identified by OPLS-DA analysis, namely, isovaleric acid, acetoin, phenylacetic acid, (Z)-2-nonenol, 1-hexanol, and 1-octen-3-ol, with overall strong creamy, sweet, baked-potato, and cocoa flavors upon fermentation. These findings revealed a favorable pathway for B. amyloliquefaciens SY07 to be used to improve the functional and flavor properties of fermented grains, which would also be of great value for further elucidating the mechanism of the formation of the volatile flavor differences and developing novel quality cereal-based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Water-in-oil emulsions with MRPs as an emulsifying agent were formulated. • The physicochemical, stability, and antioxidant properties of emulsions were studied. • The emulsions prepared with MRPs exhibited superior oxidative and physical stability. • EMRP is being considered as a novel emulsifier to increase stability of the emulsions containing CSO. This research is designed to enhance the physio-chemical properties, constancy, and antioxidant activities of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions containing chia seed oil (CSO) by utilizing mung bean protein isolate (MBPI)-peach gum (PG) conjugates, which were created through the Maillard reaction (MR), as the emulsifying agents. The emulsions were prepared using MBPI-PG produced through the Maillard reaction (EMRP) at concentrations of 0.5 %, 1 %, and 1.5 %. Another set of emulsions, serving as control samples, was prepared using MBPI-PG without the MR (EC) at the same concentrations. The EMRP samples demonstrated optimum characteristics during storage over 30 days at 25 °C, particularly at 1 % concentration, including the droplet size (176.37 nm), PDI (0.3), zeta potential (−47.52 Mv), quantity of absorbed protein (63.48 %), creaming index (22.99 %), and viscosity compared to EC. The emulsions prepared with MRP exhibited significantly lower POV (1.45 mM/kg oil) and TBARS (59.17 mM/kg oil) formation rates than EC. The EMRP 1% formulation displayed the lowest release of antioxidant compounds among all formulations, suggesting low release control during storage. Molecular docking results confirmed that adding EMRP 1% to the CSO emulsion significantly improved its quality and stability. This emulsifier could hold significant promise for future advancements in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crop production in Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) facing serious challenges of decaling factor productivity under changing climatic scenarios with shrinking water resources driving future food insecurity. To develop sustainable intensification model for future sustainability in the food basket of India's IGP by identifying of suitable options for legume integration through system optimization practices (SOP) in rice-wheat and diversified cropping systems having higher productivity, profitability and environmental security. The field experiments were conducted at the four locations of the farmer's field in Karnal, Haryana, India. We evaluated SOP of mungbean under zero tillage (ZT) with residue recycling and improved management practices integrated in CTR-WMb (conventional till rice-ZT wheat-mungbean), DSR-WMb (direct seeded rice-ZT wheat-mungbean) and triple ZT (raised bed) based diversified SOP of MWMb (maize-wheat-mungbean), MMuMb (maize-mustard-mungbean) and SWMb (soybean-wheat-mungbean). The on-farm study revealed that the mungbean inclusion with diversified SOP had significantly lesser water use by 51 ha-mm with enhanced partial factor productivity of total nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) applied by 14–29 % over DSR-WMb. However, the global warming potential (GWP) reduced by 60 kg CO 2 eql/ha with diversified SOP over CTR-WMb. Similarly, the non-renewable energy use was reduced by ∼1200 MJ/ha with significantly increased net energy output and non-renewable energy use efficiency (EUE) by 137–203 and 27–38 %, respectively with diversified SOP over DSR-WMb. Additionally, the mungbean grain yield increased by 13 % in CTR-WMb, while the grain yield increased by 15–30 % in diversified SOP over DSR-WMb. The net returns increased by 40 USD/ha in CTR-WMb, while it significantly increased by 80–164 USD/ha in diversified SOP over DSR-WMb. However, the significantly lowest yield attributes and yield, net returns, resources use efficiency (water, nutrients and non-renewable energy) and eco-efficiency were recorded with DSR-WMb. Therefore, the mungbean inclusion in DSR-WMb was not found to be a feasible option compared to CTR-WMb and thus later can be scaled up in the existing rice-wheat system. Moreover, the mungbean inclusion with diversified SOP (MWMb/MMuMb/SWM) under ZT and residue retention produces more food with efficient use of recourses (water, nutrients and energy) for more (population) to ensure nutritional food security and environmental sustainability in western Indo-Gangetic Plains and similar agro-ecologies. This on-farm study provides sustainable intensification options for legume integration through system optimization practices (SOP) within the rice-wheat and diversified cropping systems to enhance system productivity and nutritional food security, improves net returns and restore soil fertility in food basket of India's Indo-Gangetic Plain. [Display omitted] • On-farm study evaluated system optimization practices (SOP) with diverse crop & ZT. • Direct seeded rice SOP not suitable for summer legume integration. • SOP with triple M i.e. maize-mustard-mungbean best for legume integration in IGP. • Diversified SOP had 15–30 % higher yield & 80–164 UD$/ha more returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the numerous health benefits and high digestibility of hemp seed protein isolate (HPI), its low solubility at neutral pH limits its utilization in the food industry. Therefore, we subjected insoluble HPI and soluble mung bean protein isolate (MBPI) to pH co-shifting under extremely alkaline conditions to form an alloyed protein complex (A-HM). At a mass ratio of HPI:MBPI of 50:50, A-HM exhibited the highest solubility (95.30 ± 0.99 %), and also had high resistance to heat treatment. Native PAGE demonstrated the formation of alloyed protein complexes, and particle size analysis revealed that A-HM exhibited small particle sizes and dispersion in water without aggregation of HPI. Owing to their small size, numerous hydrophobic residues and aromatic ring of HPI were exposed on the surface. Hydrophobic interactions predominantly governed the binding force involved in the formation of A-HM. Our findings may enhance HPI applications in the food industry, particularly in plant-based beverages. [Display omitted] • Alloyed protein complex formation with MBPI increased the solubility of HPI. • Native PAGE confirmed visibly the binding of HPI to MBPI molecules. • The alloyed protein complex exhibited resistance to heat treatment. • Alloyed protein complex formation was primarily driven by hydrophobic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to substitute sodium caseinate (SC) with a dual plant-based alternative to produce a refreshing sour whipped cream at pH 3.0, which could maintain stability when paired with low-pH foods. Aquafaba (AQ) was utilized as a novel foam booster, enhancing the whipped properties of the whipped cream, while pH 12 -shifting treated mung bean protein (BMBP) functioned as an interfacing stabilizer, improving its stability. Freeze-thaw stability of the aerated emulsion and the protein-protein interactions in the emulsion were characterized by analyzing water distribution, thermodynamics, serum loss, and protein retention rates. The high bound water content and dense bubble distribution of whipped cream prepared by AQ and native mung bean protein (NMBP) delivered superior freeze-thaw stability, shown as reduced serum loss, higher protein retention, and increased hardness. In addition, the internal fat network of the whipped cream made from a 1:1 combination of NMBP and BMBP showed moderate agglomeration with a comparable γ max value as SC-based whipped cream, indicating enhanced resistance to deformation and improved short-term shape retention. In conclusion, the combination of AQ and MBP provided viable options for the replacement of SC in commercial whipped cream. [Display omitted] • Addition of aquafaba and native MBP improved freeze-thaw stability of whipped cream. • Whipped cream with native MBP had less serum loss than that with pH 12 MBP after freeze-thaw. • Combination of aquafaba, native and pH 12 MBP improved cohesiveness of whipped cream. • AQ-native/pH 12 MBP whipped cream showed comparable shape retention to commercial one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of this research was to assess gelling properties and riboflavin delivery capacity of mung bean protein (MBP)-sugar beet pectin (SBP) hydrogels by duo-induction of heat and laccase. The results showed that hydrogel properties were regulated by SBP concentration. When SBP concentration was 0.20%, composite hydrogel had the highest stress (665.27 ± 26.36 Pa), water holding capacity (WHC) (75.68 ± 0.88%), storage modulus (G′) and surface hydrophobicity (H 0) (9550.50 ± 33.86) (P < 0.05). At the same time, network structure of composite hydrogel was the densest and system was the most stable. When SBP concentration was 0.20%, composite hydrogel had better swelling rate, riboflavin encapsulation efficiency (51.81 ± 2.31%), cumulative release rate, biological accessibility (37.83 ± 0.90%) and storage stability (P < 0.05) compared with low concentration SBP. The introduction of SBP triggered the transition of riboflavin release mechanism to non-Fick release mechanism and transported riboflavin to the colon effectively. This study might provide theoretical support for the interaction between proteins and polysaccharides in composite hydrogel system as well as provide theoretical basis for composite hydrogel to be a delivery vehicle for bioactive substances. [Display omitted] • Composite hydrogel was formed by dual induced of heat and laccase. • Sugar beet pectin (SBP) improved the properties of mung bean protein (MBP) hydrogel. • SBP facilitated forming a dense composite hydrogel network structure. • MBP-SBP hydrogel was effective in encapsulating and delivering riboflavin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minced pork gel often faces challenges during preparation, such as sticking and splitting, which can result in a loose structure, significantly compromises its quality. This study aimed to improve minced pork gel quality by incorporating different starches: mung bean starch (MBS), potato starch (POS), pea starch (PES), and corn starch (CS), focusing on enhancing water-holding capacity (WHC) and gel strength. Raman spectroscopy was employed to investigate the mechanisms behind gel quality changes and to develop quantitative predictions of WHC and gel strength in response to starch addition. The results showed that 15% starch addition was optimal, with POS performing best. Notably, starch addition promoted α-helix and random coil transformation into β-sheet and β-turn in protein structure. Additionally, the starch-minced pork gel system exhibited enhanced cross-linking and density through hydrophobic interactions, contributing to improved WHC and gel strength. Finally, to quantitatively assess the gel quality change under different starches, support vector machine (SVM), uninformative variable elimination-SVM (UVE-SVM), genetic algorithm-SVM (GA-SVM), and adaptive reweighted sampling-SVM (CARS-SVM) modeling were built. Among these, UVE-SVM model achieved the optimal performance for both WHC (Rp2 = 0.8553, RPD = 2.1567) and gel strength (Rp2 = 0.8508, RPD = 2.1981). Therefore, this study demonstrates that the addition of starch, particularly POS, can enhance minced pork gel quality by improving both WHC and gel strength. Moreover, it establishes Raman spectroscopy coupled with UVE-SVM as a reliable method for non-destructive, and rapid detection of these quality parameters in minced pork gel under different starch conditions. [Display omitted] • The gel quality change mechanism of minced pork with different starches was explored. • Potato starch demonstrated superior performance in enhancing minced pork gel quality. • Hydrophobic interaction and β-sheet formation were key factors affecting gel quality. • Raman spectroscopy enables non-destructive analysis of gel quality change under different starches. • UVE-SVM model had optimal performance for WHC and gel strength prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of organic pollutants like methylene blue (MB) from aquatic ecosystems is an urgent environmental challenge due to its toxicity and persistence. The study presents an eco-friendly, low-cost photocatalytic degradation method using hybrid nanocomposites (NCs) of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) combined with TiO 2 and g-C 3 N 4 (rGO/TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4). The nanocomposites were synthesized through a green approach using Plectranthus amblycinicus (karpooravalli) leaf extract as a reducing and capping agent. The optical, structural, and morphological properties of the nanocomposites were characterized using various techniques. The characterization studies demonstrated that the nanocomposite has significantly enhanced the light absorption characteristics. Under visible light, the rGO/TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 NCs achieved 98.5 % degradation of 20 mg/L MB dye within 120 minutes at an optimal dose of 0.05 g/L and pH 11. Kinetic studies revealed pseudo-first-order behaviour, while response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite design accurately predicted the degradation efficiency. The shorter HOMO-LUMO gap of the rGO/TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites, resulting from synergistic effects between rGO and the VB-CB alignment of TiO 2 and g-C 3 N 4 , enhanced visible light absorption, charge transfer, and overall photocatalytic performance. Additionally, the nanocomposites exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, and Aspergillus ni ger. Phytotoxicity studies using Vigna radiata and Vigna unguiculata demonstrated reduced toxicity and improved plant growth in treated dye water. These findings highlight the potential of rGO/TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 NCs for treating textile effluents, with applications in irrigation for public parks and roadside vegetation, promoting sustainable wastewater management. [Display omitted] • rGO/TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 was synthesized by a sustainable green synthesis method using plant extracts. • rGO/TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite exhibited strong photocatalytic activity. • A CCRD approach achieved a 98.5 % reduction of MB dye under optimal conditions. • The rGO/TiO 2 -g-C 3 N 4 NCs demonstrated remarkable antibacterial performance. • Low phytotoxicity in treated wastewater promoted plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various topics in the latest issue of Current Science. It highlights the presence of microplastics in groundwater in India, emphasizing the need for more research due to the high levels of plastic production and consumption in the country. Additionally, the discovery of marine fossils in Jaisalmer and the challenges of treating type 2 diabetes are also explored in this issue. The document provides valuable insights into these diverse scientific subjects, urging further investigation and awareness in these areas. [Extracted from the article]

Thiazolidinones have been the subject of various research areas for their biological activities, thus they were promising scaffolds to develop new drug agents. A novel thiazolidine 4-one-based fluorescent chemosensor probes PS (thiazolidine) and BO (oxazolidine) were designed and synthesized. Both probes showed specific recognition against Cu2+ via a " turn-off " fluorescence response in ACN/H 2 O (v /v: 50/50) stock solution (10 mM, pH = 7.0) with a detection limit of (for BO : 1.9 nM and PS : 1.03 nM). Finally, the detection of chemosensory PS and BO showed positive potential for the determination of Cu2+ in real food samples, drinking water, and mung beans. The compounds were characterized by diferent chemical and spectroscopic methods. The proposed binding mode for PS and BO with Cu2+ was confirmed by DFT calculation, and also they elucidated by bioimaging studies against MCF-7 live cell lines. Additionally, the docking experiment was performed on XylE and hAChE targets. • Novel sensors with high fluorescence emission based on thiazolidin-4-one have been developed. • BO and PS sensors showed high selectivity and " turn-off " detection for Cu2+. • Both BO (1.9 nM) and PS (1.03 nM) have low detection limits. • Both BO and PS exerted excellent cell-permeability and potentially responded to changes of Cu+2 in MCF-7 cells. • The applicability of both sensors to multiple real samples was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated mung bean protein hydrolysates (MBPH) produced using neutral protease, examining their physicochemical properties, stability, and lipid peroxidation inhibition capabilities. The research revealed that MBPH molecular weight ranged from 17 to 26 kDa and perform various functions, including catalytic, nutrient storage, and binding. Stability assessments showed that MBPH are stable at 45 °C and pH of 7.5 but are light-sensitive and unstable in solution or when combined with sugars. Additionally, increased concentrations of digestive enzymes reduce MBPH stability. Antioxidant tests in vitro and in Caenorhabditis elegans confirmed MBPH's ability to neutralizing radicals, enhance antioxidant enzyme activities, and reduce lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting against oxidative damage. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that MBPH extend the lifespan of worms and reduced their body lipid content, indicating potential benefits in mitigating cholesterol-related damage. This research demonstrates the potential of MBPH in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. • MBPH exhibits significant antioxidant and lipid peroxidation inhibition. • MBPH stability is affected by temperature, pH, light, and sugar interaction. • In vivo and in vitro tests confirm MBPH's protective effects against oxidative stress. • MBPH reduces lipid content and extends lifespan in high-cholesterol C. elegans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concern has spread worldwide because of the rising environmental impact and difficulties of sustainable development associated with traditional packaging. The ecology is seriously harmed by the increasing abandonment volumes of non-eco-friendly packaging waste due to the widespread use of conventional express packaging. One potential solution to mitigate pollution is substituting single-use plastic bags (SPDBs) with cellulose-based alternatives. When untreated, cellulose-based bags are limited in some applications by their potentially relatively low mechanical strength and hydrophilic nature, which affects their widespread use as packaging materials. Considering the humid environment that seeds may encounter during storage and transportation, this study designed a new packaging material with excellent hydrophobicity by chemically modifying cellulose with dopamine (DA) and dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS) to prepare hydrophobically modified cellulose-based films (PDC). This produced PDC films exhibited high hydrophobicity, self-cleaning ability, better water barrier properties, and robust strength (increased by 134.7% compared to cellulose film), which showed better water repellency and tensile strength than several commercially available plastics. The possible hydrophobic and tensile strengthening mechanisms were proposed. Ultimately, mung bean storage trials proved the viability of using PDC film for seed express packing, and the film satisfies express packaging standards by being recyclable or biodegradable after usage. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers in India are conducting studies to find the ways to improve soil fertility and rice yields in the vulnerable rice-wheat eco-system while ensuring sustainability. Organic nutrient management is one the promising agronomic approaches to ensure soil, food and nutritional security concurrently. To test the effectiveness of varied organic nutrient management practices, a 16-years long-term field experiment was conducted. The study included legumes like sesbania and green gram, organic manures, and microbial inoculants to evaluate their sole as well as integrated impact on soil biological properties, nutrient uptake, and basmati rice productivity. The study employs a meticulous strip-plot design and delineates two distinct cropping systems: basmati rice-wheat-green gram (CS1) and basmati rice-wheat-sesbania (CS2). Seven organic nutrient management practices were implemented in horizontal strips including control, farmyard manure (FYM) equivalent to 80 kg N ha− 1, vermicompost (VC) equivalent to 80 kg N ha− 1, FYM with crop residues (CR) @ 2.5 t ha− 1, VC combined with CR, FYM with CR and a suite of microbial inoculants (MI), and VC integrated with CR and MI. The study revealed that the CS2 system significantly improved soil organic matter, soil biological activities, nutrient uptake, and basmati rice yields compared to CS1. The application of VC, CR, and MI led to remarkable increases in the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, which increased by 30.2–45.2% and 12.3–79.8%, respectively. The utilization of VC + CR + MI also resulted in up to 2.3, 3.3, and 1.9-fold increases in total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake, respectively, compared to the control. Moreover, soil dehydrogenase activity surged by 71.4% in 2021 and 92.0% in 2022 with the VC + CR + MI treatment, which played a pivotal role in improving soil health. Additionally, micronutrient uptake and rice yield soared by 50.7–78.6% and 47.7–80.1% in 2021 and 2022, respectively, emphasizing the multifaceted benefits of organic amendments in enhancing crop productivity and nutrient utilization efficiency. This study showed significant correlations between yield, soil biological properties, and nutrient uptake in basmati rice farming. The interaction between the cropping systems and organic nutrient management options was also statistically significant for productivity and soil biological activities. Sesbania and green gram, along with microbial inoculants found superior in boosting soil health and crop productivity. Specifically, sesbania combined with VC equivalent to 80 kg N ha− 1, CR at 2.5 t ha− 1, and MI emerge as pivotal. These results support using this organic approach in basmati rice cultivation for sustainable farming in the face of environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial contamination is the major safety concern of sprouts, and its main source is the seeds. Achieving effective reduction requires very high concentrations of chlorine-based disinfectants (>10,000 mg/kg). Thus, the objective of this study was to combine microbubble (MB) with chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 , 500 mg/L) and slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW, containing 250 mg/L of available chlorine) to inactivate Salmonella Typhimurium on mung bean seeds. MB water containing disinfectants (10 L) was generated for 10 min, then the seeds were treated for 10, 20, or 30 min. Significant reductions were obtained by combining MB with disinfectants. After 20-min treatment, ClO 2 -MB (ClMB) achieved additional reductions of 3.7 and 2.3 log CFU/g, respectively, compared with water washing and ClO 2 only. SAEW-MB (SMB) achieved additional reductions of 3.6 and 2.0 CFU/g, respectively when compared with water washing and SAEW only after 20-min treatment. No significant difference for the reduction in S. Typhimurium was observed (p ≥ 0.05) between 20-min and 30-min treatments, but increased damage to seeds was evident after 30-min treatment. More surface cracks were observed on the seeds treated with ClMB than on those subjected to water washing and ClO 2 only when examined under a scanning electron microscope. However, the germination rate of seeds and the weight increase of sprouts were not significantly different between treatments of ClMB, water washing, and ClO 2 only. A large-volume MB device (100 L) was established, resulting in a reduction of S. Typhimurium and natural microflora by 3.1 and 3.3 log CFU/g, respectively, after a 20-min ClMB treatment. This study's findings demonstrated how MB enhances the effectiveness of disinfectants and its potential capacity for large-scale operation. • Combining MB with disinfectants showed significantly higher reductions. • 20-min ClMB and SMB achieved 4.6 and 4.3 log CFU/g reductions of Salmonella. • 20 min of 100-L ClMB treatment obtained 3.1 and 3.3 log CFU/g reduction of S. Typhimurium and natural microbes. • Seed germination rate and sprout weight were not negatively affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

V-type starch-polyphenol complexes demonstrate enhanced resistance to enzymatic digestion, despite their relatively rare occurrence in nature. This study utilizes various high-power ultrasound treatments to facilitate the formation of V-type complexes between vitexin, a flavonoid found in mung bean and native rice starch and subsequently investigates the digestive and physicochemical properties of the resulting complex. The findings revealed that high-power ultrasound treatment successfully formed a V-type starch-vitexin complex. The content of vitexin in the starch complex was the highest after 600 W ultrasound treatment (UT). Furthermore, adding vitexin during UT also altered the particle size distribution of the complex. The scanning electron microscope demonstrated that the particle size of starch increased after UT compared to native rice starch. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis and infrared analysis confirmed that UT enhanced the thermal stability and disorder of the starch. The in vitro digestion experiments revealed that the starch-vitexin complex induced by ultrasound exhibited a decreased hydrolysis rate and increased content of resistant starch. In conclusion, both the UT of rice starch and the addition of vitexin together facilitated the formation of V-type starch, suggesting that vitexin could be utilized in the future production of functional foods with a sustainable processing method. • V-type complex was formed by rice starch and vitexin under ultrasound treatment. • The combination of vitexin increased the content of resistant starch in rice starch. • This approach can be applied in the production of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive consumption of lipids is one of the major reasons for the prevalence of obesity. Interfacial engineering of food emulsions is highly expected to control the digestion and absorption of lipids, consequently to inhibit adipose expansion. However, this strategy is restricted mainly due to the lack of effective food emulsifiers. In the present study, the mung bean protein fibrils with short worm-like morphology were demonstrated to have superior capabilities than the mature ones in stabilizing high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) and consequently inhibiting the lipid digestion to control in vivo adipose accumulation. The short worm-like pre-fibrils showed a faster adsorption kinetics to the oil/water interface to reduce the interfacial tension to a substantially lower level compared with the mature fibrils. The HIPEs stabilized by the worm-like pre-fibrils showed a wider range of oil phase volume fractions and protein fibril concentrations, which showed the characteristic connected polygon oil droplets network microstructure due to the squeezing of oil droplets. In comparison, the HIPEs stabilized by the mature mung bean protein fibrils were unstable, undergoing ostwald ripening with the appearance of big oil droplets shortly after the preparation. Consequently, significantly less free fatty acids were released from the HIPEs stabilized by the worm-like pre-fibrils compared with the mature ones in the in vitro stimulating digestion assay. Interestingly, compared with the HIPEs emulsified by the mature amyloid-like fibrils (HIPEs-M group), long-term oral administration of mice with the HIPEs stabilized by the worm-like pre-fibrils (HIPEs-W group) resulted in significantly lower body weight and substantially inhibited adipose expansion. The genes related to lipolysis were over-expressed and the expression of the lipogenesis genes were down-regulated in adipose tissue in HIPEs-W group compared with those in HIPEs-M group. Furthermore, fecal lipid content in HIPEs-W group was higher than that in HIPEs-M group; and the expression of genes related to lipid adsorption in intestine, such as FATP4 , FABP-1 , PPAR-α , MTTP-1 and CPT1A was down-regulated. Therefore, restriction of lipid digestion and absorption in intestine could serve as the mechanism for the inhibition of in vivo adipose expansion caused by the HIPEs stabilized by the worm-like fibrils compared with the mature fibrils. [Display omitted] • Mung bean proteins went from worm-like fibrils (WF) to mature ones (MF) during the treatment. • WF absorbed to oil/water interface faster with a lower level of interfacial tension than MF. • WF is superior than MF in stabilizing HIPEs and controlling the digestion of lipid in vitro. • HIPEs stabilized by WF inhibited intestinal lipid absorption and adipose expansion in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Copper oxide nanoparticles effectively synthesized by chemical method. • Synthesized CuO nanomaterials are actively characterized by typical approach. • Synthesized CuO NPs significantly degrade the EBT dye by photocatalysis. • Phytotoxicity was achieved & found less/no toxicity evidenced by biometric profile. • Essential biomolecules content in Vigna radiata L. also determined. Wastewater refers to water of substandard quality that originates from urban and suburban regions. The water in question is used for cultivation in regions where there is a limited water supply for agricultural activities. The utilisation of marginal quality water for farming spans about 20 million hectares of land globally, with around 10 % of the global population consuming food crops that have been irrigated with this kind of water. The CuONPs was synthesized by a chemical method, followed by their characterization using many methods including UV–Vis spect., FTIR, DLS, XRD, and SEM. The photocatalytic degradation of EBT dye and its adsorption kinetic studies were performed. Furthermore, impact of CuONPs, and wastewater on green gram seedlings under in-vitro conditions. The chemical methods effectively synthesized CuONPs as well as under ideal phytocatalytic condition CuONPs degraded the EBT dye up to 51.09 % in 5 h of treatment. The inclusion of CuONPs at a dosage of 100 mg L−1 in the wastewater proceeded in a notable improvement in the green gram seed germination by 50 %, and notable biometric profile as well as essential biomolecule (chlorophyll a&b, total soluble phenolics, and lycopene) profiles. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]