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The development of mushrooms may be hampered by municipal (MW) and garden wastes (GW) containing spent mushroom substrates (SMS) with high cellulose and lignin contents. In comparison to controls, Pleurotus flabellatus growth patterns were generally enhanced by SMS and/or GM treatments. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were performed to characterize and identify 30 metabolites from P. flabellatus ethanolic extract. The synthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles (PFE-AgNPs) from P. flabellatus was characterized using different instrumental methods. Spectral analysis revealed that biogenic PFE-AgNPs were spherically shaped and well-dispersed nanostructures with typical particle sizes ranging from 5 to 20 nm. Selective bacterial strains (25–100 μg/ml) were inhibited by PFE-AgNPs. The IC50 values for the antioxidant activity of facile PFE-AgNPs against DPPH and NOD were substantial (56.62 and 53.93 μg/ml). Furthermore, the anticancer effects of PFE-AgNPs at 10–100 μg/ml were tested on A549 cells after 24 and 48 h of exposure. The DNA damage assay revealed that A549 had more tail creation than the non-cancerous cell line. As a result, our study shows that PFE-AgNPs can be used to manage bacterial illnesses as well as lung cancer. The results indicated similar biological composition, and there is no aggregation of unwanted toxic and biological components that could be drawn from the waste-formulated substrate, ensuring that it is safe to use for sustainable mushroom growth. Additionally, the new and ecologically friendly PFE-AgNPs are enhanced by a technique that transforms municipal wastes into compounds with potential anti-bacterial and anti-cancer properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was to examine the antibacterial and anticancer potential of titanium dioxide mediated (TiO2) nanoparticles using Hypsizygus ulmarius. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV, XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, HR-TEM, PSA, and zeta potential. The UV–visible spectroscopy results exhibited a sharp absorbance peak range at 264 nm. The X-ray diffraction analysis reflected the presence of diffraction major peak range at (101), (103), (004), (200), (112), (200), (105), (211), (213), (314), (602), and (215) planes of face centered cubic TiO2NPs. The HR-TEM absorption was expressed the presence of spherical structure particles with a normal size of 80 nm. The EDX results of mycosynthesized TiO2NPs recorded the strong major intense signal which confirms the presence of pure Ti (85%). Mycosynthesized TiO2NPs have a zeta potential value of − 18.4 mV, it shows that they are stable in water. For antibacterial assay, the mycosynthesized TiO2NPs have broad spectrum of growth inhibition against tested human pathogenic bacteria viz., S. aureus (8.4 ± 0.3), B. cereus (7.1 ± 0.5), E. coli (6.2 ± 0.3), and K. pneumoniae (4.0 ± 0.1 mm). The anticancer activity results of green synthesized TiO2NPs proved as highly toxic for the HepG2 cell line and show a reduced cell viability (85%) and L50 value of 83.3 µg/ml after 24 h treatment. Finally, outcome of the present investigation shows that the mycosynthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles using mushroom extract served as an alternative and eco-friendly nano drugs in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) crops have experienced a 22% reduction due to attacks from microbial pathogens and pests. Dry rot disease occurred from risks in El-Minya governorate, Egypt, where potato is the major cultivated crop. Potato cultivar 'Cara' samples were collected from the markets of six regions in El-Minya for isolation. They were also tested for the application of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) for disease management. The ability of Exserohilum rostratum to synthesize ZnONPs was documented via UV-visible, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Spherical shape and crystallite small size (51.0 ± 3.0 nm) were attributed to the created ZnONPs. The ZnONPs were applied in the bio-control of the causative agent (Fusarium nygamai) of dry rot disease and large economic loss of potato cv. 'Cara' productivity. The mycosynthesized ZnONPs by E. rostratum at 100 µg/ mL (3 mM) showed antifungal activity against F. nygamai with higher reducing value of mycelium growth diameter 2.0 ± 0.14 cm compared to Revanol 50%, traditional product with a diameter of 3.85 ± 0.10 cm. Overall, ZnONPs are an excellent agent that can be applied to repress the most common fungal disease of potato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) crops have experienced a 22% reduction due to attacks from microbial pathogens and pests. Dry rot disease occurred from risks in El-Minya governorate, Egypt, where potato is the major cultivated crop. Potato cultivar ‘Cara’ samples were collected from the markets of six regions in El-Minya for isolation. They were also tested for the application of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) for disease management. The ability of Exserohilum rostratum to synthesize ZnONPs was documented via UV-visible, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Spherical shape and crystallite small size (51.0 ± 3.0 nm) were attributed to the created ZnONPs. The ZnONPs were applied in the bio-control of the causative agent (Fusarium nygamai) of dry rot disease and large economic loss of potato cv. ‘Cara’ productivity. The mycosynthesized ZnONPs by E. rostratum at 100 μg/ mL (3 mM) showed antifungal activity against F. nygamai with higher reducing value of mycelium growth diameter 2.0 ± 0.14 cm compared to Revanol 50%, traditional product with a diameter of 3.85 ± 0.10 cm. Overall, ZnONPs are an excellent agent that can be applied to repress the most common fungal disease of potato.

The use of fungi as biological nanofactories is an innovative and promising research field of nanoscience. It offers the potential to yield sustainable and cost-effective nanostructures with fine-tuned features. This study reports the trichogenic synthesis of silver oxide/copper oxide (Ag2O/CuO) nanoalloys, using the culture filtrate of the endophytic fungus Trichoderma virens. The filtrate of T. virens mediated the synthesis of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys, which was visually verified by the formation of dark bluish-greenish colloidal suspension upon reacting with AgNO3 and CuSO4·5H2O (1:1 v/v). X-ray diffraction revealed the crystalline nature of the trichogenic Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys, showing the characteristic diffraction peaks of cubic Ag2O (Pn-3/201) and tenorite monoclinic CuO (C2/c/15). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed spectra corresponding to the core levels of Ag 3d, Cu 2p, and O 1 s in the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed nitro and ester stretching vibrations in addition to characteristic interatomic metal–metal vibrations near 500 cm−1. Dynamic light scattering revealed that the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys had an average particle size distribution of 124 nm, while zeta potential measurement was + 23.8 mV. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed a mixture of hemispherical and plate-like Ag2O/CuO particles arranged in crystalline clusters. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of quasi-spherical, circular, cuboid, and triangular Ag2O NPs along with the sharp-edged nanoplates of CuO particles. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed prominent emission peaks of Ag (12.41%), Cu (17.68%), and O (69.91%). The antibacterial efficacy of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys was evaluated against six Gram-negative and three Gram-positive bacterial strains. The Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys exhibited significant antibacterial activity against streptomycin-sensitive Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) (17.85 ± 0.735 mm), streptomycin-resistant Xcc (17.77 ± 0.720 mm), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (17.44 ± 3.492 mm), and Escherichia coli (16.23 ± 2.468 mm), whereas the effectiveness of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys was moderate against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (12.74 ± 1.302 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (12.56 ± 0.667 mm), streptomycin-sensitive Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) (11.77 ± 0.431 mm), streptomycin-resistant Pcc (11.63 ± 0.741 mm), and C. michiganensis subsp. capsici (11.62 ± 0.958 mm). The bacterial cells exposed to the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys exhibited notable morphological changes, such as cell membrane disruption, structural damage, compromised membrane integrity, shrinkage, and swelling. This research lays the groundwork for developing and using trichogenic Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys as highly effective nano-antimicrobial agents for a diverse array of applications.Graphical Abstract: The use of fungi as biological nanofactories is an innovative and promising research field of nanoscience. It offers the potential to yield sustainable and cost-effective nanostructures with fine-tuned features. This study reports the trichogenic synthesis of silver oxide/copper oxide (Ag2O/CuO) nanoalloys, using the culture filtrate of the endophytic fungus Trichoderma virens. The filtrate of T. virens mediated the synthesis of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys, which was visually verified by the formation of dark bluish-greenish colloidal suspension upon reacting with AgNO3 and CuSO4·5H2O (1:1 v/v). X-ray diffraction revealed the crystalline nature of the trichogenic Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys, showing the characteristic diffraction peaks of cubic Ag2O (Pn-3/201) and tenorite monoclinic CuO (C2/c/15). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed spectra corresponding to the core levels of Ag 3d, Cu 2p, and O 1 s in the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed nitro and ester stretching vibrations in addition to characteristic interatomic metal–metal vibrations near 500 cm−1. Dynamic light scattering revealed that the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys had an average particle size distribution of 124 nm, while zeta potential measurement was + 23.8 mV. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed a mixture of hemispherical and plate-like Ag2O/CuO particles arranged in crystalline clusters. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of quasi-spherical, circular, cuboid, and triangular Ag2O NPs along with the sharp-edged nanoplates of CuO particles. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed prominent emission peaks of Ag (12.41%), Cu (17.68%), and O (69.91%). The antibacterial efficacy of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys was evaluated against six Gram-negative and three Gram-positive bacterial strains. The Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys exhibited significant antibacterial activity against streptomycin-sensitive Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) (17.85 ± 0.735 mm), streptomycin-resistant Xcc (17.77 ± 0.720 mm), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (17.44 ± 3.492 mm), and Escherichia coli (16.23 ± 2.468 mm), whereas the effectiveness of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys was moderate against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (12.74 ± 1.302 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (12.56 ± 0.667 mm), streptomycin-sensitive Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) (11.77 ± 0.431 mm), streptomycin-resistant Pcc (11.63 ± 0.741 mm), and C. michiganensis subsp. capsici (11.62 ± 0.958 mm). The bacterial cells exposed to the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys exhibited notable morphological changes, such as cell membrane disruption, structural damage, compromised membrane integrity, shrinkage, and swelling. This research lays the groundwork for developing and using trichogenic Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys as highly effective nano-antimicrobial agents for a diverse array of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Saccharomyces cerevisiae -derived silver nanoparticles were successfully fabricated. • The silver nanoparticles ascertained antibacterial performance. • The silver nanoparticles represented significant anticoagulant activity. • The silver nanoparticles exhibited considerable thrombolytic potential. • The silver nanoparticles ascertained promising antidiabetic properties. In the present study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was employed to fabricate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a sustainable and ecofriendly approach. The mycofabricated AgNPs were found to be spherical with a Z-average size of 29.07 nm and zeta potential of −16 mV. This study focused on the biological properties of fungus-mediated fabrication of AgNPs. The AgNPs ascertained significant antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Serratia marcescens with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 and 2 µg mL−1 and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 16 and 16 µg mL−1, respectively. Besides, the AgNPs at the studied concentrations ascertained significantly higher biofilm inhibitory and degradation activity against S. marcescens compared to the reference antibiotic drug gentamicin (P < 0.05). In contrast, gentamicin at the studied concentrations exhibited significantly higher biofilm inhibitory and degradation activity against L. monocytogenes compared to AgNPs (P < 0.05). Moreover, Flow cytometry analysis exhibited dose-dependent antibacterial properties for both AgNPs and gentamicin against both S. marcescens and L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, the AgNPs ascertained a dose-dependent antioxidant activity with a maximum 65.75 ± 2.70 % at the concentration of 500 µg mL−1. Impressively, the AgNPs at the concentration of 500 µg mL−1 represented anticoagulant performance with PT and aPTT values of 21.80 ± 3.31 and 70.57 ± 2.25 s, respectively. Additionally, the AgNPs at the concentration of 500 µg mL−1 showed 19.48 ± 3.82 % thrombolysis and 64.74 ± 1.63 % alpha-amylase inhibition. The AgNPs also ascertained a maximum 38.26 ± 1.70 % glucose uptake inhibition by S. cerevisiae at a concentration of 1000 µg mL−1. Overall, the above-mentioned unique physicochemical and biological properties of AgNPs made them attractive for biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture extract of thermophilic mould Myceliophthora thermophila BJTLRMDU7 played important role in the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using ferrous sulphate (FeSO 4). The mould was grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB) at 45 °C and 200 rpm for 72 h. A colour change from transparent to reddish brown showed the synthesis of FeNPs due to the surface plasmon resonance by the fungal culture extract. The process for the synthesis of nanoparticles was optimized using different reaction conditions. Biogenic iron nanoparticles were synthesized maximally at 50 °C and pH 5.0 after 24 h using 2 mM salt solution and one ml culture extract. Furthermore, formation of iron nanoparticles was significantly accelerated in the presence of light. The absorption peak was maximum around 250–350 nm in UV–vis spectrum. The absorption peaks of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at 619.99 cm−1, 793.57 cm−1, 882.32 cm−1, 1121.46 cm−1, 1627.71 cm−1, 2923.17 cm−1 and 3430.70 cm−1, indicated functional groups of active biomolecules involved in the synthesis of FeNPs. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of green synthesized iron nanoparticles indicated the average size of 80 nm, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) data revealed the crystalline nature of FeNPs. These FeNPs efficiently reduced p -nitrophenol (PNP) into p -aminophenol (PAP), which was further confirmed by thin layer chromatography. Biogenic FeNPs showed 96 and 35 % decolourization of bromphenol blue and malachite green, respectively. Further, addition of H 2 O 2 enhanced the decolourization of malachite green up to 96 %. Biogenic FeNPs synthesized from culture extract of a thermophilic mould have been found effective in remediation of environmental pollutants released from various industries. • First study showing green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using culture extract of Myceliophthora thermophila. • AFM data showed average size of FeNPs as 80 nm and crystalline nature by XRD. • Catalytic reduction of p -nitrophenol into p -aminophenol using biogenic FeNPs. • Catalytic reduction of p -nitrophenol was confirmed using thin layer chromatography. • Biogenic nanoparticles also resulted in decolourization of synthetic dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]