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Background: Coronary interventions, including percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), have significantly improved management of coronary artery disease by restoration of coronary blood flow to myocardium. However, despite of so many advancements in PCI procedural techniques, there is still a significant and challenging complication known as the "no-reflow" phenomenon exists which worst effect the PPCI outcome. Methods: It was Cross sectional study conducted at Department of Cardiology, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar. Study was conducted from 1/1/2023 to 30/6/2023 for six months. All patients who developed no reflow were subjected to intracoronary Tirofiban. Those who do not responded to Tirofiban were given intracoronary adrenalin and effect was noted. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 23.0. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for quantitative variables like age. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variables like gender. The p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among 151 participants, 18% experienced the no-reflow phenomenon. Intracoronary adrenaline and Tirofiban individually showed a significant positive impact on TIMI flow. It was found that 40% patients with no reflow responded to Tirofiban administration. Remaining patients with no reflow were subjected to intracoronary adrenalin therapy and 74% of these patients had improved TIMI flow. It was also found that combine effect of Tirofiban and adrenalin was found in 84% of patients. Conclusion: No reflow phenomenon is common finding in Primary PCI and can be effectively managed by Tirofiban and intracoronary adrenalin administration in most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of intravenous antiplatelet therapy during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is not fully standardized. The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of periprocedural intravenous administration of cangrelor or tirofiban in a contemporary ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) population undergoing PPCI. This was a multicenter prospective cohort study including consecutive STEMI patients who received cangrelor or tirofiban during PPCI at seven Italian centers. The primary effectiveness measure was the angiographic evidence of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow < 3 after PPCI. The primary safety outcome was the in-hospital occurrence of BARC (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium) 2–5 bleedings. The study included 627 patients (median age 63 years, 79% males): 312 received cangrelor, 315 tirofiban. The percentage of history of bleeding, pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock at admission was comparable between groups. Patients receiving cangrelor had lower ischemia time compared to tirofiban. TIMI flow before PPCI and TIMI thrombus grade were comparable between groups. At propensity score-weighted regression analysis, the risk of TIMI flow < 3 was significantly lower in patients treated with cangrelor compared to tirofiban (adjusted OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.30–0.53). The risk of BARC 2–5 bleeding was comparable between groups (adjusted OR:1.35; 95% CI: 0.92–1.98). These results were consistent across multiple prespecified subgroups, including subjects stratified for different total ischemia time, with no statistical interaction. In this real-world multicenter STEMI population, the use of cangrelor was associated with improved myocardial perfusion assessed by coronary angiography after PPCI without increasing clinically-relevant bleedings compared to tirofiban. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global health threat, particularly affecting low- and middle-income countries, where it accounts for a significant number of premature deaths. Risk factors such as smoking, unhealthy diet, and sedentary lifestyles contribute to its prevalence. Clinical scoring systems like TIMI, GRACE, and HEART scores, alongside biomarker assessments, aid in the early identification of high-risk individuals, facilitating timely interventions to prevent adverse outcomes. Those with advanced age, prior myocardial infarction (MI), and impaired left ventricular function are at increased risk and may benefit from invasive procedures like coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Early detection and management of CVD risk factors are pivotal for effective prevention and treatment strategies. This study analyzes angiographic characteristics and evaluates the clinical effectiveness of TIMI and GRACE scores in guiding treatment and predicting outcomes for patients with NSTEMI and Unstable Angina. This was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Ahmedabad over one year. The study population comprised inpatient cases diagnosed with Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina. The majority of NSTEMI patients had double vessel disease with left anterior descending artery involvement, while UA patients predominantly had single vessel disease with similar artery involvement. NSTEMI patients had a significantly higher mortality rate (14.55%) compared to UA patients (4.44%). Mortality was higher in males (15.52%) compared to females (2.38%). Male gender and higher TIMI and GRACE scores are associated with increased mortality and decreased discharge rates. Revascularization may be necessary for patients with higher TIMI risk scores to reduce mortality risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the causes of normal blood flow in coronary arteries in patients presenting with STEMI and receiving pPCI. Study Design: Observational study conducted retrospectively. Setting: National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (NICVD) Karachi, Cath Lab. Period: August 17 2020 to November 2020. Material & Methods: Data was obtained from patients presented to the emergency department with STEMI and experienced primary PCI in last two years from January 2016 to Decemebr 2018.Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19 was used analyze these data. Th in those patients who had suboptimal coronary blood flow. Young patients <40 years of age had more (14%) normal coronary blood flow as compared to elders i.e >40 years. Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, and smoking had no significant impact on coronary blood flow in these patients. Conclusion: In this study, it was found that most of the coronary arteries had abnormal blood flow during primary PCI. Multiple factors are affecting the blood flow in coronaries. The onset of symptoms and the time presented in the hospital was the main factors. Further studies are required to find more reasons for having normal blood flow in coronaries in STEMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Rapid evaluation of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) attending the emergency service under emergency room conditions and using appropriate risk scoring would improve treatment success. Calcium levels accumulate in the tissue in people with coronary artery disease and this has been found to correlate with osteopontin levels in some studies. It is predicted that osteopontin level could be used as a biomarker to detect coronary artery calcification. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the use of osteopontin levels in the differential diagnosis of ACS in conjunction with cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels, and HEART (history, ECG, age, risk factors, troponin) and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) scores in patients with chest pain who attended the emergency service., Methods: This study was conducted as a prospective observational clinical study in the Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University. There was a total of 90 participants, including 60 patients and 30 healthy individuals in the control group. All participants' demographic information, electrocardiography (ECG) findings, cTnI level, TIMI and HEART score, and osteopontin level were evaluated., Results: The patients' mean age was 51.61 ± 17.56 years and 63.3% ( n = 57) were male. The body mass index (BMI) of the patients was 25.63 ± 4.67 kg/m 2 . Patients with chest pain [CP(+)] and high cardiac troponin I levels [cTnl(+)] were found to be older and to have higher HEART and TIMI scores than individuals with CP(+) and normal cardiac troponin I levels [cTnl(-)] and the healthy control group ( p < 0.001). While the HEART score was zero in 22 (24.4%) of the patients, the TIMI score was zero in 42 (46.7%). In terms of gender distribution, vital signs and serum osteopontin levels, there was no significant difference between the patient groups ( p > 0.05). It was found that patients with CP(+) and cTnl(+) had a higher rate of ECG abnormalities than the CP(+) and cTnl (-) group and the healthy control group ( p = 0.13 and p < 0.001, respectively). In 65 (72.2%) of the patients, the ECG results were normal. ST-segment elevation was detected in 13 (14.4%) patients. In our study, cTnl levels were found to be positively correlated with age ( r = 0.624), BMI ( r = 0.291), HEART score ( r = 0.794) and TIMI score ( r = 0.805) ( p = 0.001, p = 0.005, p = 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). In our study, we discovered that osteopontin levels could not reach the differential diagnostic level for ST-elevation myocardial infarction or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. No statistically significant difference was found in osteopontin levels between the groups ( p > 0.05)., Conclusions: While very positive results were obtained in this approach to the ACS diagnosis using HEART and TIMI scores in patients with chest pain who attended the emergency service and were diagnosed with ACS, no significant results could be obtained regarding the use of osteopontin levels as a biomarker. More comprehensive, multicentre studies involving a large number of appropriately selected patients are considered to be necessary.

Although guidelines recommend early aspirin administration after diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the decision of pretransfer aspirin administration is at the discretion of the primary physicians. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether pretransfer aspirin administration was associated with better angiographical outcomes in patients with STEMI. This study compared the angiographic findings of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade in the infarct-related artery before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between patients who received pretransfer aspirin and those who did not. In total, 28 patients (11.2%) were administered aspirin before transfer and 219 (88.8%) were administered aspirin upon arrival at the hospital. Propensity score matching yielded 135 patients [27 patients (20%) who were administered aspirin before transfer and 108 patients (80%) who were administered aspirin upon arrival at the hospital]. Patients who received pretransfer aspirin had a higher rate of TIMI-3 flow before PCI compared to those who did not receive pretransfer aspirin [8 (28.6%) versus 15 (6.8%), P < 0.01, in all study patients; 8 (26.6%) versus 7 (6.5%), P < 0.01, in propensity-score-matched patients]. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that pretransfer aspirin administration was significantly associated with the presence of TIMI-3 flow before PCI, independent of age, gender, transfer time, and statin use (OR: 5.43, 95% CI: 1.94-15.2, P < 0.01, in all study patients; OR: 6.17, 95% CI: 1.86-20.46, P < 0.01, in propensity-score-matched patients). Pretransfer aspirin administration could lead to the early restoration of coronary blood flow in patients with STEMI, supporting its active use in STEMI care.