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Background: mHealth, i.e. mobile-health, strategies may be used as a complement to regular care to support healthy dietary habits in primary care patients. We evaluated the effect of a 12-week smartphone-based dietary education on overall diet quality (primary outcome), and dietary intake and cardiometabolic risk markers (secondary outcomes) in people with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this two-armed randomized clinical trial, people with type 2 diabetes were recruited within a primary care setting and randomized 1:1 to a smartphone-delivered dietary education for 12 weeks or a control group receiving regular care only. Dietary intake and cardiometabolic risk markers were measured at baseline and after 3 months. Diet was assessed using a 4-day dietary record and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Overall diet quality was estimated with a Nordic Nutrition Recommendation (NNR) score and specific dietary intake was estimated for 13 food groups/nutrients. We used linear regression models to examine differences in change from baseline to the 3-month follow-up between the intervention and control group, adjusted for baseline values of each outcome variable. Results: The study included 129 participants (67 in the intervention group and 62 controls), of whom 61% were men. At baseline, mean age was 63.0 years and mean body mass index was 29.8 kg/m2. When analyzing dietary record data, we found no effect of the intervention on diet quality or intake, however, the control group had increased their score by 1.6 points (95%CI: -2.9, -0.26) compared to the intervention group. In the analyses of FFQ data, the intervention group had lowered their daily intake in grams of saturated (β = -4.1, 95%CI: -7.9, -0.2) and unsaturated (mono- and polyunsaturated) (β = -6.9, 95%CI: -13.5, -0.4) fat more than the control group. The intervention group also presented lower serum triglycerides levels than the controls (β = -0.33, 95%CI: -0.60, -0.05). No statistical differences were found in any other dietary variables or cardiometabolic risk markers. Conclusion: While we found no effect on overall diet quality, our findings suggest that a smartphone-based dietary education might impact dietary fat intake and corresponding cardiometabolic risk markers in people with type 2 diabetes. Our results should be considered hypothesis-generating and need to be confirmed in future studies. Trial registration: Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03784612). Registered 24 December 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the link between the triglyceride-to-high–density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) and the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched for cohort and case-control studies that reported on the link between TG/HDL-C and a risk of T2DM, with no restrictions on criteria used for the definition and categorization of low and high TG/HDL-C ratios. Results A total of 20 studies were included. There was considerable variability in terms of categorization of low or normal and higher TG/HDL-C ratio among the studies. Patients with high TG/HDL-C ratio had markedly higher risk of developing T2DM compared with patients with low or normal TG/HDL-C. Each unit increase in the ratio correlated with the increased risk of diabetes. Subgroup analysis based on sex showed an increased risk of T2DM in males and females with a high ratio compared with the group with a low/normal ratio. Conclusion Higher TG/HDL-C ratio correlates with increased risk of T2DM. Despite limitations, the study demonstrates a possible value of using TG/HDL-C ratio as a biomarker for diabetes risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The American Cancer Society recommends physicians inform average-risk women about endometrial cancer risk on reaching menopause, but new diagnoses are rising fastest in women aged younger than 50 years. Educating these younger women about endometrial cancer risks requires knowledge of risk factors. However, endometrial cancer in young women is rare and challenging to study in single study populations. Methods We included 13 846 incident endometrial cancer patients (1639 aged younger than 50 years) and 30 569 matched control individuals from the Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer Consortium. We used generalized linear models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for 6 risk factors and endometrial cancer risk. We created a risk score to evaluate the combined associations and population attributable fractions for these factors. Results In younger and older women, we observed positive associations with body mass index and diabetes and inverse associations with age at menarche, oral contraceptive use, and parity. Current smoking was associated with reduced risk only in women aged 50 years and older (P het <.01). Body mass index was the strongest risk factor (⁠ OR ≥ 35   vs < 25   kg / m 2 = 5.57, 95% CI = 4.33 to 7.16, for ages younger than 50 years; OR ≥ 35   vs < 25   kg / m 2 = 4.68, 95% CI = 4.30 to 5.09, for ages 50 years and older; P het =.14). Possessing at least 4 risk factors was associated with approximately ninefold increased risk in women aged younger than 50 years and approximately fourfold increased risk in women aged 50 years and older (P het <.01). Together, 59.1% of endometrial cancer in women aged younger than 50 years and 55.6% in women aged 50 years and older were attributable to these factors. Conclusions Our data confirm younger and older women share common endometrial cancer risk factors. Early educational efforts centered on these factors may help mitigate the rising endometrial cancer burden in young women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Thyroid disorders (TD) are common among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Information on types of functional and structural TDs among Bangladeshi patients with T2DM is scarce in the literature. The present study aimed to determine the magnitude and characteristics of different TDs among Bangladeshi diabetic patients attending an urban healthcare center in Dhaka. Material and methods: The study included patients with T2DM who attended an urban Endocrinology Outpatient consultation center in Dhaka over a period of two years. Diagnosis of TDs was based either on previous medical records or on investigational results of thyroid functions/gland during the first visit. Standard criteria were used to diagnose TDs. Results: Total 1424 patients with T2DM were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the study population was 48.8 ± 12.9 years and 45.2% and 54.8% were male and female respectively. Among 1424 participants 217 (15.2%) had functional and/or structural abnormalities of thyroid gland. For those with abnormal thyroid function (14.3%), the most common was clinical hypothyroidism (10.5%), followed by subclinical hypothyroidism (2.6%), and clinical thyrotoxicosis (1.3%). Except for one, all patients with overt hypothyroidism had primary hypothyroidism. Among patients with overt thyrotoxicosis, Graves’ disease was the most common entity (50%). Multinodular goiter was the most frequent diagnosis among structural abnormalities (7 out of 13). Female sex (OR: 3.0, 95%CI: 1.5, 6.1, p=0.003) and obesity (OR: 2.3, 95%CI: 1.1, 5.0, p=0.039) had higher odds of having a diagnosis of overt hypothyroidism among patients with T2DM. Hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in diabetic patients with overt hypothyroidism. Conclusion: TDs especially hypothyroidism are common among female Bangladeshi patients with T2DM. Dyslipidemia and obesity are significantly more in overt hypothyroidism among patients with T2DM. January 2025; Vol. 19(1):008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.008 *Correspondence: Md Rakibul Hasan, Department of Endocrinology, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Uttara, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh. Email: dr.mrh46@gmail.com; © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0).

Background: Diabetes mellitus and depression are comorbidities that can be caused by each other. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) functions as a neuronal growth factor. It maintains the functional integrity of the nervous system., Aim: To study the possible association between BDNF levels and gene polymorphism with depression in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus., Methods: The Elisa technique measured BDNF, and rs6265 gene polymorphism was detected using real-time PCR. Depression was assessed utilizing a clinical interview tool designed to establish the diagnosis of depression and differentiate it from other psychiatric diseases., Results: BDNF levels were significantly lower in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and symptoms of depression than in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and no symptoms of depression (82.6±16.1. vs. 122± 17.47, P< 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in BDNF levels in patients with diabetes among the three genotypes of the BDNF gene (P-value < 0.001). Val/ Val carriers had the highest serum BDNF levels, and Met/ Met carriers had the lowest serum BDNF levels. Subgroup analysis showed statistically significant genotype-related differences in serum BDNF levels among the three subgroups in the Depression group. Val/ Val carriers had the highest serum BDNF levels, and Met/ Met carriers had the lowest serum BDNF levels. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism had no significant association with the presence of depression, yet there was a trend towards significance (p = 0.05)., Conclusion: In this pilot, Low levels of BDNF were associated with depression in patients with type 2 diabetes. Carriers of the Met/ Met allele have the lowest serum BDNF levels. Multicenter studies with more participants are required., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)