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The lecture discusses the issue of reflux nephropathy for specialists of the system of higher medical education: the article provides the definition, characterizes the epidemiology, risk factors for disease development in children with vesicoureteral reflux, causes and molecular mechanisms of renal fibrosis formation and progression in reflux nephropathy, and markers for diagnosing and predicting the disease course. In order to control the retention of the lecture material, the text includes case problems and multiple-choice tests.

The article discusses the most common causes and strategies for treatment of adhesive bowel obstruction and its timely diagnostics (which consists in the need for X-ray, ultrasound and endoscopy). It is shown that laparoscopic adhesiolysis in conjunction with anti-adhesion therapy not only minimizes complications in the postoperative period, reduces the time of hospital stay and ensures a good cosmetic result, but also helps verify the nature and extent of adhesions, as well as exclude the presence of other abdominal cavity diseases.