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現在の都市計画をめぐる様ざまな議論の背景には、土地高度利用あるいは土地利用高度化という概念がある。そればかりではなく、日本近代都市計画を歴史的に動かしてきた主要な課題が土地高度利用をめぐる問題であった。この論文は、日本近代都市計画における土地高度利用をめぐる課題、議論、制度の展開に関する一連の研究の第一報である。この論文は、日本近代都市計画史を、土地高度利用という側面から「年代図表」をつくって概観するとともに、その重要な事項について述べた概説部分と、その歴史的展開の最初の部分ともいえる明治初年の土地高度利用論を、自由主義経済論者田口卯吉の土地高度利用論を中心に検討した部分よりなる。田口卯吉の高度利用論は、欧米都市の当時の実態をモデルに、道路拡幅と中層の西洋式借家の建設によって、東京など日本の都市を改造しようという考えで、特にそれを民間の投資により実現しようというところに特徴があった。彼の議論は、1880年代の主流派の議論であったが、1980年代の中曽根内閣以後の規制緩和・民活路線、新自由主義的土地高度利用論とも相通ずるところのある議論であった。, At present，the most important key-word for urban planning in Japan is “Intensive Land Utilization.” In fact，this has been the single most important issue in the history of planning in Japan. A bill revising the Town Planning Act and the Building Act has been submitted to the Diet presently in session (May 1992). The Ministry of Construction wants to obtain a new measure to stimulate intensive land utilization. The debate of this bill seems to depend very much on the parliamentarians' attitude regarding the concept of intensive land utilization. This paper first outlines the historial development of the intensive land utilization concept in Japanese urban planning using a 'chronological diagram' ，developed by the author as a measure. Second，the characteristics of the concept of intensive land utilization in the early Meiji Era are demonstrated by the example of Ukichi Taguchi (1855-1905)，an economist of the School of Adam Smith and editor of a famous economic magazine (Tokyo Keizai Zasshi). Taguchi，following the model of European cities，described the future Tokyo as a city of wide roads and high-rise buildings and apartments. In his articles he maintained that the Tokyo will definitely be modeled after the European example，through the Laissez-faire policy on private building activities accompanied by public road widening projects. Moreover，he declared that land prices would increase as building sites are reduced as road space increases. He saw this development as favorable to high-rise building and intensive land use. The paper points out similarities and dissimilarities between discussions on the intensive land utilization concept in 1880's by the likes of Ukichi Taguchi and those in the 1980's by then Prime Minister Nakasone. One of the dissimilarities is that the former had a future image of cities - although it could not be realized easily - but the latter did not.