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Castleman's disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disease, mostly found in the mediastinum. The number of Castleman's disease cases involving the kidneys is still limited. We report a case of primary renal Castleman's disease sporadically detected during a regular health check-up as pyelonephritis with ureteral stones. In addition, computed tomography showed renal pelvic and ureteral wall thickening with paraaortic lymphadenopathy. A lymph node biopsy was performed, but it did not confirm either malignancy or Castleman's disease. The patient underwent open nephroureterectomy for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The pathological diagnosis was renal and retroperitoneal lymph node Castleman's disease with pyelonephritis.

We report the use of combination chemotherapy of gemcitabine (800 mg/m² on day1 and 8) and nedaplatin (60 mg/m² on day 1), including neoadjuvant therapy in four cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. In each case, the dose was reduced after assessing the performance status and renal function of the patient. Among the four cases, the best overall outcome was complete response in one case, partial response in two cases, and stable disease in one case. The main adverse event observed was thrombocytopenia; however, no serious adverse events were observed, and this regimen was safely administered. Therefore, we believe that this regimen could be an effective treatment option for progressive squamous cell carcinoma originating from the urinary tract.

In this case report, we describe a case of primary retroperitoneal neuroendocrine carcinoma. An 85-year-old man presented with a 3-week history of left back pain. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed an 8×5 cm mass to the left of the aorta and multiple hepatic metastases. Immunohistochemistry staining of the tumor cells showed positivity for the neuroendocrine marker synaptophysin and a very high Ki67 proliferation index. He was treated with carboplatin and etoposide. After 2 courses of chemotherapy, the mass had decreased in size, confirming that the treatment was effective. We plan to administer a total of 6 courses of chemotherapy.