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Fungi are the major degraders of organic matter in natural environments, and almost every naturally occurring organic compound can be degraded by one fungus or another. An enormous range of organic compounds can be utilized by fungi, especially the major organic compounds such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin from compost. The present work aims to isolate and identify fungal isolates from the compost samples. Compost preparation by biodegradable waste using fruit waste, cabbage, tomato, fresh cow dung, leaves, twigs and mixed vegetable waste. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of individual, composts were used for the isolation. Substantially qualitative differences observed in the fungal species of different composts. In this work 4 entities of fungus are isolated at 37°C from compost. It also demonstrates that the quantitative and qualitative characterization of different samples of composts and fungal communities important for best agricultural application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catharanthus roseus (L) a popular ornamental plant found in garden, home across the worldwhich is recognized in Ayurveda. Catharanthus is well known due to antitumor, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and anti-mutagenic effects. It produces alkaloids, vincristine vinblastine, ajmalicine, reserpine, serpentine, catharanthaine, lochherin, lochnericine, vinorelbin extract from these plants used in disease treatment. Application of Catharanthus roseus it used treatment of asthma, blood pressure, manstruation cycle, malaria etc. Plants have proved to be significant natural resources for effective chemotherapeutic agents and offering a broad spectrum of activity with greater emphasis on preventive action. The antimicrobial activity has been checked against microorganisms like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Rhizopusarrhizus, Aspergillus sydowi, and Aspergillus fumigatus. The strongest inhibition activity of the leaf extract was observed against B. subtilis, (20 mm zone) by Aspergillus sydowi, which is 21 mm zone of inhibition. Qualitative analysis of phytochemical screening reveals the presence of terpenoids, carbohydrate alkaloids, phenol, glycoside are present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various fungi play a crucial part in the decomposition of organic materials during composting, which is a cost-effective process of converting various unstable and complicated organic substances into a stable and humus-like substance. Composting is the regulated transformation of wastes and biodegradable organic materials into stable products with the help of microbes. Although composting has been around for a while, it still has significant drawbacks that limit how widely it is utilized and how effectively it works. Microbes detection, nutrient status that is low, a lengthy composting process, a lengthy mineralization process, and odor creation are some of the drawbacks. The consumption of synthetic chemical fertilizers can be decreased through composting. These fertilizers are used to feed crops with the macroand micronutrients they need. The current study explains how to compost quickly, biodegradable solid wastes without endangering the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Originally from tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum Linn.) is a significant perennial grass of the Poaceae family. Due to the high yielding plant's valuable medical and economic products, it is grown all over the world. Sugarcane juice is widely recognized as a raw material for the manufacturing of refined sugar. Although the main end result of sugarcane juice is refined sugar, additional important products including brown sugar, molasses and jaggery can also be produced during processing. In India, sugarcane juice is frequently used to cure urinary illnesses such anuria, dysuria, bleeding, and jaundice. In the present work, the many phytoconstituents and health advantages of sugarcane and its useful products are fatty acids, alcohol, phytosterols, higher terpenoids, flavonoids, -O- and -C-glycosides phenolic acids and its derivatives have been found in sugarcane leaves, juice and wax. The wax from sugarcane juice is being studied as a possible replacement for pricey carnauba wax, which has aesthetic and medicinal uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboos are generally tall, erect and woody arborescent grasses. They are mainly distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Bamboo grows three times faster than most other plants species. Bambusa tulda belongs to Poaceae family and the subfamily Bambusoideae. Bambusa tulda also known as Indian timber bamboo is an evergreen in nature. Its shoots contain high nutritional contentsand polyphenols which show medicinal properties to cure cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer High demand for edible bamboo shoots of Bambusa tulda in many Asian ethnic groups has led to the need for developing intensive bamboo farming. The present studies based on survey done at New Forest, Forest Research Institute (FRI), Dehradun (Uttarakhand) India, the minimum leaf size (L×B) of Bambusa tulda is 19 x 2and maximum leaf size 21 x 2.Clum height of B. tuldais (LxB)~ 15-20 and height of clum sheath(LxB) is 30 x 30. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ficus racemosa commonly known as Gular or Cluster Fig is belonging to family Moraceae of class Dicotyledonae. The study of Ficus racemosa showed that ethanomedicinal and medicinal value at Forest Research Institute (F.R.I.), Dehradun (Uttarakhand) India. The plant profoundly used in Ayurvedic medicine to cure various diseases such as ulcers, fever, leprosy, vomiting, dysentery, syphilis and inflammation of liver. F. racemosa roots, leaf, stem and fruits contain antibacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects. During dry winter season F. racemosa tree leaves are important fodder sourcein the Himalaya region of India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. During exploration, minimum leaf size 10x12 cm. and maximum size 10x14cm were observed. The fig size of F. racemosa ranged between 2 mm to 2.5 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromium exists in many forms according to their valence from 0 to VI. Most dominant and stable valences of Chromium are III and IV. Chromium is non degradable, harmful and toxic pollutants which negatively affect the environment. It transfers to one trophic level to another via the food chain and continues their cycle in the nature. Bacteria, fungi, algae and plants are the best constituents of biomass which reduces the toxicity of heavy metals in the ecosystem. Bioremediation is a natural process for waste treatment in an industrial area. This comprehensive review article describes the sources of chromium contamination in wastewater and soils, various treatment technologies for the removal of chromium from water/ wastewater and different bacteria dependent possible bioremediation of this metalin aneco-friendly and cost effective manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-harvest diseases known as the diseases which developed during harvesting of part of the plants like fruits, vegetables and seeds. Due to high moisture content and nutrient in harvested fruits and vegetables they are vulnerable to attack by pathogenic organism. Injuries of fruits and vegetables maybe caused during harvesting, packing, transposition, storage and after consumer purchase. They help in pathogen to enter the host and cause damage. The plant parts may get infected in field, but expression of symptom may take place later, at any stage before final consumption. The post-harvest disease that causes spoilage of both durable and perishable commodities is wide spread. The capability of a microorganism to initiate post-harvest diseases, as well as its final outcome, depend on number of factors that can conveniently be associated with, microorganism, host and the environment. This study discussed the physical, chemical and biological integrated methods for the control of post-harvest diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles are a solid colloidal particle which ranges in size from 10 to 1000nm. The nanoparticles differs from its own bulk form in its physical properties and more over toxic than its bulk form. Due to these properties, nanoparticles can be used for a wide range of applications in various fields of science. Nanoparticles may be produced naturally, incidentally or can be engineered. These have profound multifaceted agricultural applications such as bioimaging, biosensors, nano-heribicides, nano-pesticides, nanofertilizers, etc. This study is focused on to review the properties, types, synthesis and multifaceted potential of different nanoparticles in agriculture fields for effective management, improved productivity and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incline healthcare services and improvements in technology have elevated resistance or confrontation amongst microorganisms. The microbial community has witnessed evolution by emerging variant yet similar strains which are hard to detect and treat. An upsurge in drug resistance has hit at last; overuse of drugs should be prohibited otherwise the future is about to come when there will be no antibiotic left to control an illness. Prescription of suitable drugs must be mandatory following accurate diagnostics to the disease causative agents or factors. The Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) represents new era of diagnostics and medical microbiology. This study focus on utilization of MALDI-TOF MS technique for characterization and identification of rare yeast species as clinical isolates screened from critically ill patients with fungal infection. The commencement of antifungal resistance in a wide spectrum of atypical yeasts causing fungemia in several hospitals of India is worrisome. The rising of hospital patients with compromised immunity are giving way to pathogenic fungi leading to death of thousands patients. At lower differential neutrophills count, the invasion of uncommon yeast Candida albicans (Fungi: Saccharomycetaceae) be able to root a systemic infection lead to surplus growth of pathogenic rare yeasts in many organs, and possibly fatal. At this stage, physicians' often recommend anti-fungal drugs to keep the controlled yeast populace in patients. But over the time, main challenge to medical experts during treatment is the development or emergence of resistance in rare yeast species against the prescribed drugs, insisting medical and pharmaceutical scientists to design and formulate more potent drugs and device rapid, truthful diagnostic techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parthenium is one of the most common weeds grow throughout the world due to its remarkable adaptability to a wide range of environmental conditions and soil types. This weed plant shows both harmful and beneficial effects to agriculture, ecosystem and human health. Its uncontrolled growth not only negatively impacted on the cultivation of agricultural plants but also causes asthma, bronchitis, dermatitis and hay fever etc. to both animals and humans. It is believed that uncontrolled natural growth of Parthenium may have an overall negative impact on the ecosystem. The Parthenium compost without any of its contaminated seeds is the rich sources of agriculture plant's macro and micronutrients. Additionally various phytochemical constituents of parthenium have usefulness in agriculture as pesticides and therapeutic usefulness in the human society. The present compilation is an overview of the various aspects of parthenium growth both as natural contaminants during cultivation of agricultural plants as well as its controlled cultivation to benefit the agriculture, certain industries as well as overall human society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal dhoop is natural product which is composed of natural mosquito repellent plant parts. It is made from unique blend of plant extracts and aromatic oils which repels the mosquito or insects away and it is safe, non-toxic, eco-friendly.In the present study the essential oils and plants extract were tested at different concentrations with handmade mosquito stick at the corner of the room where large number of mosquitoes are present. The results revealed that the different combinations of herbal plants showmosquito repellent activities. Camphor, lemon grass, Neem, Tulsi, and Vitexnirgundis how highest mosquito repellences and no irritability was reported on the skin. Hence it is safe and eco-friendly in use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ficus krishnae commonly called as 'Makhan Katori' is belonging to family Moraceae of class Dicotyledonae known for its cup-shaped leaves. Present study aimed to carried out diversity, distribution and ethnomedicinal values of Ficus krishnae at Forest Research Institute (F.R.I.), Dehradun (Uttarakhand) India. The plant profoundly used in Ayurvedic medicine to cure various diseases such as ulcers, fever, leprosy, vomiting, dysentery, syphilis and inflammation of liver. The roots, stems, leaves, and fruits of F. krishnae has been studied for antibacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects. During investigation, minimum leaf size was recorded 8x7 cm2 however; the maximum size noticed 25x11 cm2. The fig size of F. krishnae ranged between 1 mm to 3 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetables are important for health due to their contents as minerals, antioxidant, vitamins, phytochemicals and dietary fiber. All these substances are related to lower the risks for development of health problems. The use of chemical fertilizers affected both soil health and crop productivity in the long term. An experiment was conducted for the assessment of molasses effect on okra (ladies' finger) under natural environment at the Botanical Garden of Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala (Haryana). During investigation all the attributes for growth stages of plants as per molasses treatment and control groups were observed. The treatment of molasses concentrations viz. 5%, 3% and 1% to response of plant growth was recorded after standard post sowing interval and compared with the control group as well. The present work revealed the better plant growth and yields of okra in soil blended with molasses as organic fertilizer than the field without molasses. Therefore, authors wish to recommend the molasses as profound organic fertilizer for eco-friendly farming and sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous augmented demand of food production is escalating with increase of world population. The traditional farming system will not be able to cover the world's emergent demand for food with rising pollution level and oscillations in climate. The design and development of new farming and planting system technique is urgent requirement to stay away from food catastrophe in future. The present study aimed to examine an efficient lab to land transfer technique for alternative agri-farming system, the hydroponic system. The in vitro data was evaluated and validated through numerical tools for comparative accounts between hydroponics and tap water system against Triticum sp. (Poales: Poaceae), Spinacea sp. (Caryophyllales: Amaranthaceae) and Gladiolus sp. (Asparagales: Iridaceae). The results showed that wheat, spinach and sword lily showed very good growth in Hoagland solution in comparison to tap water. Thus the field application of the proposed hydroponic system for cereals, vegetables and flowering crops will meet the world wide demand of today and future by sustainable agriculture farming approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]