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Methanotrophs are a key group of environmental microorganisms that play an integral role in the global cycling of methane. Modern culture-independent techniques, traditional painstaking culture methods, and genomics-related approaches continue to reveal new information about methanotrophs, including their ecosystem associations, biochemistry, and their systematic and evolutionary nature. The increasing interest in methanotrophic bacteria especially in the context of climate change will likely lead to an increase in cultures available for in-depth studies. This chapter details the rigorous approach needed for successful appraisal and confirmation of novel aerobic methanotrophic bacterial species that can then be made accessible for in vitro research purposes. This includes a guide in which descriptions maintain adherence to the Bacteriological Code; that meet minimal standards; and the mandatory deposition of representative strains in approved culture collections., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The vestibular system was electrically stimulated in cats anesthetized with ketamine. Peripheral stimulation by an electrode positioned in the vestibule evoked torsional contralateral eye deviations and an electromyogram (EMG) response in a contralateral dorsal neck extensor. Consistently associated with this well documented vestibular pattern was an EMG response in tongue protrusive muscles, at a latency of 13 +/- 5 (means +/- SD) ms. Stimulation in a specific part of the rostroventral lateral vestibular nucleus elicited the same combination of responses: torsional contralateral eye deviations, dorsal neck EMG, and tongue EMG at a latency of 14 +/- 3 ms. Possible tongue activation by current spread to peripheral and central neural structures was examined in detail. Cerebellar, V, VII, cochlear, IX, X, and XII nerve influences were considered. On the basis of combined evidence, it was concluded that the vestibular system does influence tongue activity.