1. Adipocyte exosomes induce transforming growth factor beta pathway dysregulation in hepatocytes: a novel paradigm for obesity-related liver disease.
- Author
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Koeck ES, Iordanskaia T, Sevilla S, Ferrante SC, Hubal MJ, Freishtat RJ, and Nadler EP
- Subjects
- Adipocytes pathology, Adolescent, Female, Hep G2 Cells, Hepatic Stellate Cells metabolism, Hepatic Stellate Cells pathology, Hepatocytes pathology, Humans, Integrins metabolism, Intra-Abdominal Fat metabolism, Intra-Abdominal Fat pathology, Matrix Metalloproteinase 7 metabolism, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease pathology, Obesity pathology, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 metabolism, Receptors, Vitronectin metabolism, Signal Transduction physiology, Smad3 Protein metabolism, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 metabolism, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases metabolism, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-4, Adipocytes metabolism, Exosomes metabolism, Hepatocytes metabolism, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease metabolism, Obesity metabolism, Transforming Growth Factor beta1 metabolism
- Abstract
Background: The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been attributed to increased systemic inflammation and insulin resistance mediated by visceral adipose tissue (VAT), although the exact mechanisms are undefined. Exosomes are membrane-derived vesicles containing messenger RNA, microRNA, and proteins, which have been implicated in cancer, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune diseases, which we postulated may be involved in obesity-related diseases. We isolated exosomes from VAT, characterized their content, and identified their potential targets. Targets included the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway, which has been linked to NAFLD. We hypothesized that adipocyte exosomes would integrate into HepG2 and hepatic stellate cell lines and cause dysregulation of the TGF-β pathway., Methods: Exosomes from VAT from obese and lean patients were isolated and fluorescently labeled, then applied to cultured hepatic cell lines. After incubation, culture slides were imaged to detect exosome uptake. In separate experiments, exosomes were applied to cultured cells and incubated 48-h. Gene expression of TGF-β pathway mediators was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, and compared with cells, which were not exposed to exosomes., Results: Fluorescent-labeled exosomes integrated into both cell types and deposited in a perinuclear distribution. Exosome exposure caused increased tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and integrin ανβ-5 expression and decreased matrix metalloproteinase-7 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in to HepG2 cells and increased expression of TIMP-1, TIMP-4, Smad-3, integrins ανβ-5 and ανβ-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in hepatic stellate cells., Conclusions: Exosomes from VAT integrate into liver cells and induce dysregulation of TGF-β pathway members in vitro and offers an intriguing possibility for the pathogenesis of NAFLD., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
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