Search

The Mediterranean basin is one of the most vulnerable regions worldwide due to its population density, the concentration of economic activities along the coasts and borderline climatic balance. It is identified as one of the most critical erosion hotspots in Europe, mainly due to the degradation of coastal areas, overexploitation and unsustainable practices affecting beach tourism, agriculture and fishing. The region is also affected by other phenomena such as storms and floods, which are exacerbated by climate change. To mitigate and adapt to these environmental and climatic changes, Nature based Solutions (NbSs) are considered a promising step-forward. However, despite their global recognition in both research and policy, few scientific papers and documents on the state of NbSs implementation for coastal risk management in the Mediterranean exist. This paper aims to provide an understanding of the status of NbS adoption for coastal risk management in the Mediterranean through a literature review. Out of 162 scientific papers and documents, only 23 were found to be relevant to the study. Through the definition and support of an innovative matrix-based approach, the analysis of the state of adoption of NbSs have been performed. Despite the limited information on the state of the adoption of NbSs for coastal risk management in the Mediterranean due to the low numbers of scientific research and documents available, some key considerations have been revealed. • The Mediterranean basin is the most critical erosion hotspots in Europe. • NbSs are recognized a promising step-forward in coastal risk management. • Novel framework for the analysis of past and present NbS implementation. • Few studies report the adoption of NbSs for Mediterranean coastal risk management. • NbS for coastal risk management in the Mediterranean is still in an experimental phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal sites have been recognized to be among the most productive and dynamic regions. Nevertheless, these areas have been disrupted due to the rapid expansion of human interventions and climate change. Coastal ecosystems are becoming more endangered by the probable adverse effects of climate change as revealed by IPCC panel. The main objective of this paper is to integrate Machine Learning (ML) models to spatially predict coastal vulnerability along the Mediterranean coast of (Tangier-Tetouan), Morocco. Different models including Artificial neural network (ANN), Decision Tree (DT), logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), and Support vector machine (SVM) are used on 10033 points to represent the vulnerability in terms of (high, moderate, and low), determined by the coastal vulnerability index (CVI). Eight coastal vulnerability predictors (Slope, Elevation, Tidal range, Sea level rise, maximum wave height, Natural habitat, Geomorphology, and Shoreline change rate) were considered as input for each model. The obtained dataset was split into two parts: 30% for testing and 70% for training. The presented models were examined on various parameters, such as accuracy, recall, F1 score, root mean square error (RMSE), and kappa index. The findings show that accuracy and Kappa statistics for RF and DT and SVM ranged from (92–99%) which indicates a better performance than other proposed models. The approach is considered an appropriate tool for predicting and mapping coastal vulnerability and can make significant contributions to the successful management of coastal zones. Additionally, it can aid in the development of public interest and promote the planning, creation, and execution of adaption measures. The prediction was applied over (∼124 km) of the shoreline. Results showed that about 19.95% (∼27.73 km) of the shoreline is highly vulnerable, while 20.92% (∼25.95 km) is moderately vulnerable and 59.1% (∼73.32 km) presents a low vulnerability. • This paper aims to integrate Machine Learning (ML) models. • We spatially predict coastal vulnerability along Mediterranean coast of Morocco. • Different models including Artificial neural network (ANN) are used. • The models are used on 10033 points to represent the vulnerability coastal vulnerability index (CVI). • Different predictors were considered for each model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beaches can serve as a valuable asset to any community, which can gain a massive source of income from them; in fact, beach tourism is ever more frequently the essential target of countries, aimed at attracting foreign investment or exchange. In this frame, prediction of coastal evolution at large scales is very important for coastal management and first conceptual design. Management strategies, almost at the early stages of the projects, may likely involve numerical simulations, but they can be extremely laborious, computing demanding and intensely time-consuming especially when involving either wider coastal domain or longer time scales that basically encompasses the majority of coastal projects by now. Analytical solutions of the Diffusion Shoreline Equation (DSE) can be a valid alternative. I n these frames, given the surprisingly good predictive capabilities, they can isolate essential features of the processes, making them more readily comprehended, and can avoid cumulative errors associated with the accuracy of computational time-stepping models. Nevertheless, the rather complex mathematical form makes their use extremely challenging and confines them in the realm of high mathematic s. Ciccaglione et al. (2023) provided analytical solutions of the DSE for finite beaches bounded by outcrops of whatever length (bypassing or non-bypassing groin compartments). Differently from the other studies, the authors checked the applicability range of the solutions through the comparison with reliable numerical models; furthermore, using curve fitting analysis simple design tools were suggested to aid engineers in the practical applications. In this paper, a deep focus is given on the case of a bypassing groin compartment, and easy-to-use formulae are given to assess the lifetime of beach fill projects. A simple semi-theoretical solution is also given for the case of a compartment bounded by a very short groin, by introducing a "convective term" modelled via a Heavy-side function, H (x). The practical usefulness of this solution is proved through an application to the evolution of a real beach along Italy's Adriatic coast. • Long-term shoreline evolution is important for coastal management and planning. • Analytical solutions are valid tools for estimating shoreline change in a bypassed cell. • Simple formulae are derived for the response of a beach fill into bypassing cells. • The applicability range is limited by the shortness of the bypass groin. • "convective" correction is checked against a coastal segment of the Adriatic coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal areas stand out because of their rich biodiversity and high tourist potential due to their privileged geographical position. However, one of the main problems in these areas is the generation of waste and its management, which must consider technical and sustainable criteria. This work aims to conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature on integrated solid waste management (ISWM) by considering scientific publications on the scientific basis for the proposal of sustainability strategies in the context of use and efficiency. The overall method comprises i) Search strategy, merging and processing of the databases (Scopus and Web of Science); ii) Evolution of coastal zone waste management; iii) Systematic reviews on coastal landfills and ISWM in the context of the circular economy; and iv) Quantitative synthesis in integrated waste management. The results show 282 studies focused on coastal landfills and 59 papers on ISWM with the application of circular economy criteria. Systematic reviews allowed for the definition of criteria for the selection of favorable sites, such as i) sites far from the coastline, ii) impermeable soils at their base to avoid contamination of aquifers, iii) use of remote sensing and geographic information system tools for continuous monitoring, iv) mitigation of possible contamination of ecosystems, v) planning the possibility of restoration (reforestation) and protection of the environment. In coastal zones, it is necessary to apply the ISWM approach to avoid landfill flooding and protect the marine environment, reducing rubbish and waste on beaches and oceans. Therefore, applying the circular economy in ISWM is critical to sustainability in coastal environments, with the planet's natural processes and variations due to climate change. [Display omitted] • Waste management is a key challenge for sustainability. • Personal and community education is fundamental to achieving ISWM. • ISWM is linked to the circular economy for sustainability. • Due to climate change, coastal zones must implement ISWM and waste recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Asia's coastlines are the most densely inhabited and economically active ecosystems have already begun to shift due to climate change. Over the past century, climate change has contributed to a gradual and considerable rise in sea level, which has eroded shorelines and increased storm-related coastal flooding. The differences in estuary water quality over time, both seasonally and annually, have been efficiently controlled by changes in stream flow. Assessment requires digitized analytical platforms to lower the risk of catastrophes associated with climate change in coastal towns. To predict future changes in an area's vulnerability and waste planning decisions, a prospective investigation requires qualitative and quantitative scenarios. The paper concentrates on the development of a forecasting platform to evaluate the climate change and waste water impacts on the south coastal region of India. Due to the enhancement of Digitization, a multi-model ensemble combined with manifold learning is implemented on the multi-case models influencing the uncertainty probability rate of 23% and can be ignored with desired precaution on the coastal environmental. Because Manifold Learning Analysis results cannot be utilized directly in wastewater management studies because of their inherent biases, a statistical bias correction and meta-feature estimation have been implemented. Within the climate-hydrology modeling chain, the results demonstrate a wide range of expected changes in water resources in some places. Experimental statistics reveal that the forecasted rate of 91.45% will be the better choice to reduce the uncertainty of climatic change and wastewater management. • Development of Multi-Objective Neighborhood Embedding Ensemble Strategy (NEES) to predict waste water and climate change impacts. • Manifold learning with metafeatures estimator model to forecast the temperature index and oxygen depletion. • Enhanced Coastal Management system with multi-parameter reliability model for South Asia Coastal region to safeguard the environmental eco-stability. • Manifold predictor models for waste water impact and climatic influence with maximum data samples with optimized cost function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal areas frequently face critical conditions due to the lack of adequate forms of land use planning, environmental management and inappropriate coastal risk management, sometimes leading to unexpected and undesired environmental effects. Risk management also involves cultural aspects, including perception. However, the acknowledgement of risk perception by stakeholders and local communities, as one of the social pillars of risk analysis, is often lacking. Starting from an overview of the risk concept and the related approaches to be addressed, the paper investigates the evolution of coastal risk management with a focus on the Italian case study. Despite the design and adoption of national policies to deal with coastal risks, coastal management still shows in Italy a fragmented and poorly coordinated approach, together with a general lack of attention to stakeholder involvement. Recent efforts in the design of plans aiming at reducing risks derived from climate change and mitigating their impacts (National Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation; National Climate Change Adaptation Plan; National Recovery and Resilience Plan activities) should be effective in updating knowledge about climate change risks and in supporting national adaptation policies. • Traditional coastal risk defense measures often lead to ineffective results. • Novel risk approaches are needed to manage the complexity of coastal issues. • Risk perception is a fundamental component in coastal risk management. • In Italy coastal management is fragmented and poor-coordinated. • It is important to involve stakeholder and society at large in management processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal dunes are important habitats that also play an important role in coastal protection. In areas of high tourist activity, they have often been degraded by trampling and intensive use, resulting in a loss of ecological, aesthetic and protective values. As a result, several management actions have been taken to minimise dune degradation and enhance their recovery. One of these measures is the installation of elevated boardwalks and dune crossovers to regulate human access to the beaches. This paper quantifies and analyses the impact of the installation of boardwalks and dune crossovers on dune recovery in a highly touristic area in southern Portugal. This was done using aerial photographs taken before and 5–10 years after the implementation of the measures, and an effectiveness index was applied. The recovery observed was high to very high, ranging from 51% to 98% of the previously degraded dune. The areas with the oldest interventions showed an average recovery of 86% of the degraded area, while the most recently managed areas showed an average recovery of 69%. The high rate of recovery is mainly explained by the new habits developed by the population and tourists to access the beaches. Nevertheless, in some specific cases (i.e. where the use of the boardwalks requires a detour or where they end far from the beach) new degraded areas were observed, indicating the high relevance of the design of the boardwalks to the final recovery result. This work can serve as a basis for assessing the effectiveness of coastal management measures in any other coastal dune area with similar interventions. • Dune degradation in tourist areas can be reversed by simple management actions. • Elevated boardwalks contribute to dune recovery and encourage new habits. • New degraded areas can result from poor boardwalk design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate water level measurements in tidal rivers are vital and essential for water resources management, coastal engineering and hydrodynamic research. However, the number of tide gauging stations in tidal rivers is far from adequate. In this paper, we revisit the method of Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) which is widely used in geophysics for spatial-temporal data. Different from previous studies which used EOF as a data analysis method, here, EOF is used as a data interpolation method to reconstruct spatially continuous water levels in the fluvial estuary. The EOF interpolation (EOFI) decomposes spatial-temporal water levels into spatial patterns and temporal patterns, and then, EOFI spatially integrates tidal heights using the interpolated spatial patterns between the stations. EOFI is simple to understand and easy to implement while its results are highly accurate. Moreover, different from numerical modeling which needs the bathymetry, river shorelines, and river flow data, EOFI only needs the water level data. In summary, although EOFI has some limitations, it has the potential to be widely used in reconstructing water levels and other spatial-temporal parameters. • Accurate water level measurements in tidal rivers are vital for water resources management and coastal engineering. • The proposed method is simple to understand and easy to implement while its results are highly accurate. • The proposed method can be applied to reconstruct water levels and other spatial-temporal parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sandy beaches are dynamic systems that host a diverse range of fauna whose habitat is controlled by the interactions among sand, waves and tides. In recent decades much of the study of sand beach ecology has focused on community type and structure across the range of beach types, as well as regional variations. In order to compare different studies, accurate information is required on the nature of the environment studied: sand particle size, tide range and wave conditions. Unfortunately this has not always been provided by beach ecologists. Our understanding of sandy beach processes has advanced to the stage where ecologists can no longer omit assessing the role of wave climate, even if this cannot be done precisely, as can be done for sand and tides. In this paper we provide a method to quantify wave conditions and, in combination with sand particle size and tide range, determine the beach type and state. For waves, we first highlight the concepts 'sea' and 'swell' as distinct from the terms 'sheltered' and 'exposed'; we then provide a method to estimate breaker height. We then develop a model with two steps: first, breaker height is combined with tide range to identify whether waves or tides are the primary driver of beach morphology and thereby the define the beach type (wave-dominated, tide-modified or tide-dominated); then, using breaker height, period and sand particle size, the beach state is determined. Seven main beach morphodynamic types-states are defined. At the narrow and steep extreme are wave-dominated reflective beaches and at the wide and low gradient extreme are tide-dominated flats. The physical and ecological features typical of the seven types-states are presented, as well as some management implications. Highlights • A simple method is provided to estimate breaking wave height. • The terms 'sea' and 'swell' are differentiated from 'sheltered' and 'exposed'. • A two-step model is developed to determine sandy beach type and state. • Seven types-states are defined and discussed, with examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews recent research into the ecological impacts of recreation and tourism on coastal marine fauna in Australia. Despite the high and growing importance of water-based recreation to the Australian economy, and the known fragility of many Australian ecosystems, there has been relatively limited research into the effects of marine tourism and recreation, infrastructure and activities, on aquatic resources. In this paper we have reviewed the ecological impacts on fauna that are caused by outdoor recreation (including tourism) in Australian coastal marine ecosystems. We predict that the single most potentially severe impact of recreation may be the introduction and/or dispersal of non-indigenous species of marine organisms by recreational vessels. Such introductions, together with other impacts due to human activities have the potential to increasingly degrade recreation destinations. In response, governments have introduced a wide range of legislative tools (e.g., impact assessment, protected area reservation) to manage the recreational industry. It would appear, however, that these instruments are not always appropriately applied. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: India''s coastal resource complexes were traditionally characterized by a continuum of ‘common property resources’ or ‘commons’ that stretched from the shores to the seas. The continuum aided the existence of sustainable livelihood systems for local communities. Today, fragmented policy approaches and economic welfare schemes have caused the disintegration of community control over the continuum. As a consequence, livelihood systems of local communities have declined. The introduction of coastal management guidelines in the 1990s has exacerbated the situation. With reference to a coastal village located in the State of Kerala in South West India, the paper describes the trajectory of unsustainable change that has taken place in the coastal area resource complexes of the country. The paper argues for restoring the continuum of commons in the study area through community driven systems of natural resource management that are based on networks of nested institutions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of the paper is to present an integrated approach to coastal zone management and the benefits derived from the synergy of different monitoring methodologies. Lido di Dante, Italy, was selected for this purpose because it suffers from great erosion and is well documented under engineering, socio-economic and ecological aspects (it was one of DELOS Project case studies). The paper presents the relation among the most relevant results obtained in the site. First, effects of shore protection works and wave climate on beach morphology are examined by analysing field measurements of waves and currents together with hydrodynamic simulations and bathymetry surveys in the area. Then, socio-economic impact of coastal defence is documented by the statistics derived from face-to-face interviews that provided beach valuation and user preferences. Finally, abundance and type of organisms on the rocky structures, based on results from ecological surveys, are related to the intensity distribution of wave and current flows around and over the structure. The complex interaction among the beach, the structures, the hydrodynamics, the eco-system and the society is discussed and the necessity of multi-disciplinary guidelines for constructing beach defences is enhanced. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sandy beaches are unique ecosystems increasingly exposed to human-induced pressures. Consistent with emerging frameworks promoting this holistic approach towards beach management, is the need to improve the integration of social data into management practices. This paper aims to increase understanding of links between demographics and community values and preferred beach activities, as key components of the social dimension of the beach environment. A mixed method approach was adopted to elucidate users' opinions on beach preferences and community values through a survey carried out in Manly Local Government Area in Sydney Harbour, Australia. A proposed conceptual model was used to frame demographic models (using age, education, employment, household income and residence status) as predictors of these two community responses. All possible regression-model combinations were compared using Akaike's information criterion. Best models were then used to calculate quantitative likelihoods of the responses, presented as heat maps. Findings concur with international research indicating the relevance of social and restful activities as important social links between the community and the beach environment. Participant's age was a significant variable in the four predictive models. The use of predictive models informed by demographics could potentially increase our understanding of interactions between the social and ecological systems of the beach environment, as a prelude to integrated beach management approaches. The research represents a practical demonstration of how demographic predictive models could support proactive approaches to beach management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the Ural Delta in the northern zone of the Caspian Sea, an area with particular characteristics, where intense influence from anthropogenic and natural factors exists, which acts on the fragile delta system. We built a database to integrate the data from the published sources, bathymetric survey, and recent images in the geographical information system (GIS) environment. The results were linked to the Caspian Sea level (CSL) curve, which had many variations, changing the Ural Delta system's dynamics and in its architecture. In addition, the anthropogenic changes contribute to shaping the actual Ural Delta architecture. Through the link between the results and CSL, we reconstructed an evolution model for the Ural Delta system for the last century and identified three different architectures for the Ural Delta, determined by the energy that acted on the system in the last century and by the anthropogenic changes. This work identifies six different delta phases, which are shaped by CSL changes during the last 70 years and by anthropogenic changes. The delta phases recognized are: i) a Lobate Delta phase, shaped during high CSL before 1935; ii) Natural Elongate Delta 1935–1950 formed during rapid CSL fall; iii) Anthropogenic Elongate Delta 1950–1966, formed during rapid CSL fall and after the Ural-Caspian Sea canal construction, which modified the sedimentary deposition on the delta; iv) Anthropogenic Elongate Delta 1966–1982 shaped during low CSL phase; v) Anthropogenic Elongate Delta 1982–1996 formed during a rapid CSL rise phase; and vi) Anthropogenic Elongate Delta 1996–2009 shaped during high CSL that represent the last phase and actual Ural Delta architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the development of the tourism industry can bring economic benefits to an area, it is important to consider the long-run impact of the industry on a given location. Particularly when the tourism industry relies upon a certain ecological state, those weighing different development options need to consider the long-run impacts of increased tourist numbers upon measures of ecological condition. This paper presents one approach for linking a model of recreational visitor behavior with an ecological model that estimates the impact of the increased visitors upon the environment. Two simulations were run for the model using initial parameters available from survey data and water quality data for beach locations in Croatia. Results suggest that the resilience of a given tourist location to the changes brought by increasing tourism numbers is important in determining its long-run sustainability. Further work should investigate additional model components, including the tourism industry, refinement of the relationships assumed by the model, and application of the proposed model in additional areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural coastal hydrodynamics and morphology worldwide is altered by human interventions such as embankments, shipping and dredging, which may have consequences for ecosystem functionality. To ensure long-term ecological sustainability, requires capability to predict long-term large-scale ecological effects of altered hydromorphology. As empirical data sets at relevant scales are missing, there is need for integrating ecological modeling with physical modeling. This paper presents a case study showing the long-term, large-scale macrozoobenthic community response to two contrasting human alterations of the hydromorphological habitat: deepening of estuarine channels to enhance navigability (Westerschelde) vs. realization of a storm surge barrier to enhance coastal safety (Oosterschelde). A multidisciplinary integration of empirical data and modeling of estuarine morphology, hydrodynamics and benthic ecology was used to reconstruct the hydrological evolution and resulting long-term (50 years) large-scale ecological trends for both estuaries over the last. Our model indicated that hydrodynamic alterations following the deepening of the Westerschelde had negative implications for benthic life, while the realization of the Oosterschelde storm surge barriers had mixed and habitat-dependent responses, that also include unexpected improvement of environmental quality. Our analysis illustrates long-term trends in the natural community caused by opposing management strategies. The divergent human pressures on the Oosterschelde and Westerschelde are examples of what could happen in a near future for many global coastal ecosystems. The comparative analysis of the two basins is a valuable source of information to understand (and communicate) the future ecological consequences of human coastal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brown mussel Perna perna is a valuable fishing resource, primarily in tropical and subtropical coastal regions. Because of their filter-feeding habits, mussels are directly exposed to bacteria in the water column. Escherichia coli (EC) and Salmonella enterica (SE) inhabit human guts and reach the marine environment through anthropogenic sources, such as sewage. Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) is indigenous to coastal ecosystems but can be harmful to shellfish. In this study, we aimed to assess the protein profile of the hepatopancreas of P. perna mussel challenged by introduced - E. coli and S. enterica - and indigenous marine bacteria - V. parahaemolyticus. Bacterial-challenge groups were compared with non-injected (NC) and injected control (IC) - that consisted in mussels not challenged and mussels injected with sterile PBS-NaCl, respectively. Through LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis, 3805 proteins were found in the hepatopancreas of P. perna. From the total, 597 were significantly different among conditions. Mussels injected with VP presented 343 proteins downregulated compared with all the other conditions, suggesting that VP suppresses their immune response. Particularly, 31 altered proteins - upregulated or downregulated - for one or more challenge groups (EC, SE, and VP) compared with controls (NC and IC) are discussed in detail in the paper. For the three tested bacteria, significantly different proteins were found to perform critical roles in immune response at all levels, namely: recognition and signal transduction; transcription; RNA processing; translation and protein processing; secretion; and humoral effectors. This is the first shotgun proteomic study in P. perna mussel, therefore providing an overview of the protein profile of the mussel hepatopancreas, focused on the immune response against bacteria. Hence, it is possible to understand the immune-bacteria relationship at molecular levels better. This knowledge can support the development of strategies and tools to be applied to coastal marine resource management and contribute to the sustainability of coastal systems. [Display omitted] • A total of 3805 proteins were found in the hepatopancreas of P. perna mussel. • Vibrio parahaemolyticus seems to be virulent and suppresses P. perna immune response. • E. coli and S. enterica triggered a general immune response against bacteria. • Proteins altered in response to all challenge-bacteria were vital for immune defense. • This study points out critical proteins against bacteria, promising for biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental conservation and management policy first emphasized on water pollution control in Japan. However, this kind of passive conservation policy is gradually being shifted to an active approach such as Satoumi, which includes the restoration of biodiversity, biological productivity, habitat and a well-balanced nutrient cycle between land and sea. Many Satoumi creation activities were also characterized by activities which promote interactions between land and sea. In this paper, a case study of Ago Bay in Shima City, Mie Prefecture, Japan, is introduced in which land-sea interaction at two sites was improved by promoting water exchange across dikes constructed for land development and land reclamation. Tidal flat restoration experiments conducted in Ago Bay clearly showed that the promotion of tidal exchange between the sea and wetland area on the inner side of dikes improved both deteriorated sediment quality and macro-benthos conditions. Along with the results of this case study, future tidal flat restoration in Japan is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coasts are an amazing gift of nature. Industrialization, infrastructure development, urbanisation, tourism, mechanized fishing, disposal of industrial and urban wastes and effluents, are all ringing the death-knell of the sensitive coastal ecosystems of recently separated State of Andhra Pradesh. These modern interventions have been violent, disregarding both nature’s rejuvenating mechanisms, and the symbiotic relationship that exist between the coast and traditional marine fishing communities. Modern fishing tecnologies using mechanized trawlers and small meshed nets lead directly to overexploitation, which is not sustainable. It is evident that fish have to breed successfully and need to have time to grow if the yield has to be used sustainably. Multiple pressures and excessive technological invasion on these marine fishing villages had created an environment in which life has become physically and mentally unhealthy. The focus of this paper is to emphasize that investing in large-scale industrial fishing, building bigger boats, and giving subsidies for pursuing deep sea fishing would be a waste of resources as the fish hauls in these selelctive districts i.e. Krishna, Guntur, Prakasam and Nellore coastal communities have dropped off alarmingly in recent years. It is essential and crucial to focus research and scientific analysis and establish awareness and education to provide a means of distinguishing responses between improvements in quality of ecosystem and those of damages. The study is to elaborate that long-term ecological gains cannot be sacrificed for short-term economic gains that unfortunately lead to environmental damage. Investigating coastal regulations, policies, and their implementation is an urgent social need for the sake of socio-ecological safety and security of coasts and host communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The workshop series on sediment dynamics of muddy coasts and estuaries focuses on international frontier issues and major social needs, such as land-sea interactions, estuarine and coastal monitoring, numerical simulation, sediment transport and its biogeochemical effects. The Third Workshop was held in Qingdao, China, in November 2018, hosted by the Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, Ocean University of China. As a result of the Third Workshop, this special issue contains 18 papers with case studies of muddy coasts in the Bohai, Yellow and East China Seas in China and other regions worldwide. These papers represent the most recent advances in Chinese and international estuarine and coastal sediment research in the topics including 1) In-situ observations of sediment dynamics in muddy coasts and estuaries and satellite remote sensing; 2) Modelling of sediment transport and associated sedimentary processes; 3) Fluid mud transport and process in bottom boundary layer, and 4) Blue bay remediation action plan and coastal restoration. • The workshop series on sediment dynamics focuses on international frontier issues. • The Third Workshop was held in Qingdao, China, in November 2018. • This special issue contains 18 papers with case studies of muddy coasts/estuaries. • These papers represent the most recent advances in coastal sediment research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-enclosed basins are often prone to storm surge events. Indeed, their meteorological exposition, the presence of large continental shelf and their shape can lead to strong sea level set-up. A real time system aimed at forecasting storm surge may be of great help to protect human activities (i.e. to forecast flooding due to storm surge events), to manage ports and to safeguard coasts safety. This paper aims at illustrating a simple method able to forecast storm surge events in semi-enclosed basins in real time. The method is based on a mixed approach in which the results obtained by means of a simplified physics based model with low computational costs are corrected by means of statistical techniques. The proposed method is applied to a point of interest located in the Northern part of the Adriatic Sea. The comparison of forecasted levels against observed values shows the satisfactory reliability of the forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of anthropic activity in the coastal or riverine environment modifies the wave as well as the water and sediment current regime. In particular, the body of water around ports is an area where intense currents and sediment transport rates are usually present and can be affected by low water velocities that take place close to the entrance and inside the port basin. Consequently, sediment can be entrained and accumulated in such areas, creating problems to navigation. Ports and moorings are filled with fine sediments due to deposition resulting from solid transport. In particular, silt particles settle because of the weak vertical and lateral shearing of the velocity field. The result is that harbours frequently require ordinary maintenance dredging. The dredging process involves the removal of sediment in its natural deposited condition by using either mechanical or hydraulic equipment. Dredging is a consolidated and proven technology, but involves considerable drawbacks. In particular, dredging has a notable environmental impact on marine flora and fauna, contributes to the mobility and diffusion of contaminants and pollutants already present in the silted sediments, obstructs navigation and is characterized by relatively high and low predictable costs. This paper aims to provide an original structured overview of technologies alternative to dredging that have been tested in the past 50 years. More than 150 articles have been analysed to compare standard dredging technologies with market-ready competitors from techno-economic and environmental perspectives. In particular, the paper focuses on anti-sedimentation infrastructures and on innovative plant solutions characterized by low maintenance costs and by a very limited environmental impact. The final aim of the paper is to describe the currently available technologies that prevent port inlet and channel siltation and to classify them through a techno-economic and environmental impact assessment. The comparison shows that dredging has both the higher costs and environmental impact, while fixed sand by-passing plants are characterized by the lowest environmental impact and operation costs that are competitive with dredging. • Dredging is no longer sustainable for sediment management. • Anti-sedimentation infrastructures, remobilising sediment systems, sand by-passing plants are reliable dredging alternatives. • Techno-economic comparison shows that sand by-passing systems are cost competitive with dredging. • Sand by-passing system results as the most sustainable due to high efficiency, low cost and low environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The systematic exploitation of marine foods by terrestrial mammals lacking aquatic morphologies is rare. Widespread ethnographic and archaeological evidence from many areas of the world shows that modern humans living on coastlines often ratchet up the use of marine foods and develop social and technological characteristics unusual to hunter-gatherers and more consistent with small scale food producing societies. Consistent use of marine resources often is associated with reduced mobility, larger group size, population packing, smaller territories, complex technologies, increased economic and social differentiation, and more intense and wide-ranging gifting and exchange. The commitment to temporally and spatially predictable and dense coastal foods stimulates investment in boundary defense resulting in inter-group conflict as predicted by theory and documented by ethnography. Inter-group conflict provides an ideal context for the proliferation of intra-group cooperative behaviors beneficial to the group but not to the altruist (Bowles, 2009). The origins of this coastal adaptation marks a transformative point for the hominin lineage in Africa since all previous adaptive systems were likely characterized by highly mobile, low-density, egalitarian populations with large territories and little boundary defense. It is important to separate occasional uses of marine foods, present among several primate species, from systematic and committed coastal adaptations. This paper provides a critical review of where and when systematic use of coastal resources and coastal adaptations appeared in the Old World by a comparison of the records from Africa and Europe. It is found that during the Middle Stone Age in South Africa there is evidence that true coastal adaptations developed while there is, so far, a lack of evidence for even the lowest levels of systematic coastal resource use by Neanderthals in Europe. Differences in preservation, sample size, and productivity between these regions do not explain the pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we assess the nutritional value of some marine and terrestrial food resources available to Middle Stone Age hunter-gatherers in the Western Cape of South Africa with respect to an important macronutrient (protein) and an essential micronutrient (iron) and introduce a framework for assessing the relative utility of marine and terrestrial resources. Whilst the ability to extract nutrients from the environment has always been a lynchpin in archaeologists' reconstructions of human evolution, a recent paradigm shift has recognized the role of marine resources in encephalization. Nutritional research indicates that marine ecosystems are the best source for long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids essential for proper brain development, and excavations at securely dated archaeological sites in South Africa provide firm evidence for the exploitation of marine resources by Middle Stone Age hunter-gatherers from at least Marine Isotope Stage 5 (130 ka), and possibly even earlier. Because marine molluscs are abundant, predictably located and easily harvested, they would have been readily available to all members of the community, in contrast to terrestrial resources. The improving archaeological record gives important clues to resource choice, but many more nutritional observations are needed to determine the extent to which marine resources could have met the nutrient requirements of prehistoric people. Our observations indicate that marine and terrestrial fauna are both excellent sources of protein, and that marine molluscs have higher iron concentrations than we expected for invertebrate fauna. We calculate the number of individual food items from a selection of marine and terrestrial species needed to provide the protein and iron requirements of a hypothetical group of hunter-gatherers, identify contrasts in peoples' requirements for and access to nutrients and resources, and discuss the implications for prehistoric subsistence strategies and human evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a scientific inquiry carried out within the management process of an exceptional accumulation of reeds and seagrasses that took place in December 2019 on Poetto beach (Cagliari, southern Sardinia, western Mediterranean). The magnitude of the event raised concern within the local community and tourism service providers especially for the compromised beach accessibility caused by this large amount of biomass. The scientific inquiry is carried out in support of coastal management, to assess the berm processes before the removal of the reed wracks decided by the local municipality. By means of a numerical approach, this work devotes special attention to the runup induced by storms in the presence of reed and seagrass deposits on a low-lying backshore. Field surveys reported relatively large conductivity parameters in the presence on reed and seagrass deposits. The numerical approach shows that the increased beach permeability can eventually mitigate coastal flooding induced by storms. These results highlight the ecosystem services provided by reed and seagrass wracks together with the implications for coastal protection and management. • Large permeability values were measured in areas with seagrass and reed deposits. • A numerical approach assesses runup and infiltration processes on a sandy beach. • Reed and seagrass wracks can mitigate flooding by increasing beach permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of uncertainties around coastal management and climate change, coastal engineering interventions need to be able to adapt to changing conditions. Nature-based solutions and other non-traditional, integrated interventions are gaining traction. However, system-based views are not yet embedded into coastal management strategies. Moreover, the differences in coastal interventions, ranging from hard ('grey') to nature-based ('green') infrastructure remain understudied. In coastal management it is therefore challenging to work with the grey-green spectrum of interventions with clarity and focus, and to produce results that can be evaluated. The objective of this paper was to examine whether there is a common understanding of: the characteristics and differences between grey and green infrastructure, where interventions sit on this spectrum, and the resilience of grey versus green infrastructure. We conducted an integrative literature review of the grey-green spectrum of coastal infrastructure. We examined 105 coastal protection case studies and expanded the double-insurance framework to ensure an integrative approach, looking at both external and internal factors of resilience. Our review showed that external factors are typically used to characterise the grey-green spectrum. However, although useful, they do not facilitate a holistic comparison of alternative interventions. The additional consideration of internal factors (response diversity, multifunctionality, modularity and adaptive, participatory governance) bridges this gap. The review showed that dikes, reefs, saltmarshes, sand nourishment and dunes span a wider segment of the grey-green spectrum than they are generally categorised in. Furthermore, resilient solutions for adaptation are unlikely to be exclusively engineered or natural, but tend to be a mix of the two at different spatial scales (micro, meso, macro and mega). Our review therefore suggests that coastal planners benefit from a more diverse range of options when they consider the incorporation of grey and green interventions in the context of each spatial scale. We propose that internal resilience should be accounted for when infrastructure options are comparatively evaluated. This consideration brings attention to the ways in which the grey-hybrid-green spectrum of infrastructure enhances value for people. • Examination of case studies along the grey-green spectrum of coastal protection. • Grey infrastructure increasingly incorporates ecological processes at varying scales. • Dikes, reefs, saltmarshes, sand nourishment and dunes span a wide segment of spectrum. • Internal resilience clarifies how infrastructure can enhance value for people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Following the principles of the European Water Framework Directive, the current Spanish water management legislation requires the definition of the environmental flow regimes for all water bodies, including estuaries. The scientific community has tried to answer the question of how much freshwater an estuary needs since the mid-1970s, resulting in the development of several methodologies and approaches in different parts of the world. However the ability to reproduce most of these approaches is difficult due to the scarcity of required data and also to the differences between the studied estuaries. In this paper, we present a methodology to calculate environmental flow regimes in well-mixed estuaries based on the numerical modelling of salinity and which takes into account the seasonal climatic and hydrologic pattern of the catchment. The approach follows three sequential steps: 1) Definition of reference conditions based on the unaltered salinity patterns and zoning of the estuary, 2) definition of salinity thresholds and 3) calculation of the minimum flows required to satisfy these thresholds. The application of the methodology to five estuaries on the northern coast of Spain has highlighted the importance of considering the hydrological variability and the division of the estuary into homogeneous zones. Moreover, the studies carried out demonstrate the ineffectiveness of river specific methodologies when used to define environmental flow regimes in several estuaries and periods, and the need to apply specific methodologies. The methodology is based on the principles defined by other already tested approaches, but its greatest advantage lies in the ability to be applied to large scales, when physical and biological data is scarce. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper provides a thorough investigation of the effect of a top low-permeability (TLK) layer on transient saltwater intrusion dynamics prompted by water table fluctuations and sea level rise. Laboratory experiments were conducted on a 2D-sandbox and numerical simulations were performed using the SEAWAT code. Four cases were investigated, including a homogeneous case and three cases, where the top layer thickness (W top) was equal to 0.2H, 0.33H and 0.5H, respectively, where H was the aquifer thickness. The experimental and numerical results show that the toe length decreases linearly with increasing the thickness of the TLK layer. The results also suggest that lowering the permeability of the upper part of the aquifer causes faster saltwater removal process. The sensitivity analysis shows that decreasing the top layer permeability causes further reduction of the intrusion length. Nonetheless, the results evidence that this method yields relatively little reduction of the saline water intrusion length if the upper layer thickness is inferior or equal to a fifth of the total aquifer thickness, regardless of the permeability value of the top layer. The field-scale modelling results demonstrate that the performance of the TLK layer weakens noticeably as the hydraulic gradient decreases. The results show that the TLK layer achieved a maximum saltwater wedge reduction of 31% in the case where W top = 0.75H, which means that lowering the permeability of three fourths of the aquifer thickness only induced a toe length reduction by nearly a third of its original length. In addition to providing a quantitative analysis of SWI dynamics in bi-layered coastal aquifers, this study questions the performance and practicality of the artificial reduction of the upper aquifer permeability as a countermeasure for seawater intrusion control. • The impact of a top low-K layer on seawater intrusion was quantitively analysed. • The reduction in the intrusion length was linearly correlated with top layer thickness. • The low-K top layer only had noticeable reduction of SWI when its thickness is 50% the aquifer thickness or greater. • The low-K layer achieved a maximum saltwater wedge reduction of 31%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper describes the building of an integrated simulation tool based on a systems approach, and its contribution to local political discussion of the mitigation of microbiological contamination of the water in a coastal area. Local management schemes view water quality as a high-priority environmental objective. In practice, how far this objective is achieved depends on trade-offs between the costs of improved water treatment facilities and the acceptable impacts of water contamination. An in-the-field experiment in collaboration with local managers was carried out in the Thau lagoon on the French Mediterranean coast during the SPICOSA (Science and Policy Integration for Coastal System Assessment) project, from 2007 through 2011. It consisted of building a modeling platform and an integrated assessment framework for simulating exploratory scenarios. The modeling platform combines a dynamic contamination model, which represents the sources of microbiological contamination, wastewater treatment facilities, and physical mechanisms of lagoon contamination, with a prospective economic model, which estimates the patterns of development of economic activities in the area through a holistic approach. Exploratory scenarios are used to assess the risk of water contamination and the efficiency of management measures, under various assumptions about the evolution of the system. The contamination simulations suggest that the work currently planned by local authorities will be inadequate for preventing increased water pollution, and that additional but fairly inexpensive management measures for maintaining the current level of water quality should be considered. The integrated assessment framework estimates the ecological and socio-economic impacts of the various pollution mitigation policies in the broader context of possible local development patterns. The results illustrate how the systems approach may aid in the design of an applicable water policy based on operational objectives and feasible technical options. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sea floor topography is key information in coastal area management. Nowadays, LiDAR and multibeam technologies provide accurate bathymetries in those areas; however these methodologies are yet too expensive for small customers (fishermen associations, small research groups) willing to keep a periodic surveillance of environmental resources. In this paper, we analyse a simple methodology for vertical beam echosounder (VBES) bathymetric data acquisition and postprocessing, using low-cost means and free customizable tools such as ECOSONS and gvSIG (that is compared with industry standard ArcGIS). Echosounder data was filtered, resampled and, interpolated (using kriging or radial basis functions). Moreover, the presented methodology includes two data correction processes: Monte Carlo simulation, used to reduce GPS errors, and manually applied bathymetric line transformations, both improving the obtained results. As an example, we present the bathymetry of the Ría de Cedeira (Galicia, NW Spain), a good testbed area for coastal bathymetry methodologies given its extension and rich topography. The statistical analysis, performed by direct ground-truthing, rendered an upper bound of 1.7 m error, at 95% confidence level, and 0.7 m r.m.s. (cross-validation provided 30 cm and 25 cm, respectively). The methodology presented is fast and easy to implement, accurate outside transects (accuracy can be estimated), and can be used as a low-cost periodical monitoring method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Coastal lagoons are productive and highly vulnerable ecosystems, but their management is still problematic mostly because they constitute transitional interface between terrestrial and marine domains. The “4th European Conference on Coastal Lagoon Research – Research and Management for the conservation of coastal lagoon ecosystems, South North comparisons”, was focused on the scientific research on coastal lagoons and the management for their conservation and sustainable use. Selected contributions were considered in this special issue of Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science “Research and Management for the conservation of coastal lagoon ecosystems” as they deal with three important aspects for coastal lagoons management: (1) the design of monitoring programmes using biological compartments, (2) the ecosystem functioning and the impacts of perturbations and (3) ecosystem trajectories particularly after ecosystem restoration. Here we introduce the selected papers published in this issue, place these contributions in the perspective of the science-management interface and discuss new issues for coastal lagoon management. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper derives local formulae to estimate bed roughness and suspended transport and present a method to calculate net sediment transport at tidal inlet systems, combining field data and a range of well established empirical formulations. To accomplish this, measurements spanning a spring-tidal cycle of mean water levels, waves, near-bed flow turbulence and bed forms were obtained from the Ancão Inlet, Ria Formosa lagoon system, Portugal. High-resolution hydrodynamic data were gathered using acoustic equipments and by measuring sediment properties (grain-size diameter and bed form dimensions) under fair-weather conditions. The results compared favourably with available direct and indirect field observations of sediment transport rates. The approach appears to be robust and widely applicable and so can be applied to the same conditions in any tidal inlet system. This is of particular importance when attempting to understand sediment transport at inlet mouths, and has practical applications in a range of coastal engineering and coastal management areas concerned with navigation safety, coastal erosion, ecosystem health and water quality. The study discusses the applicability of the method on evaluating system flushing capacity, giving important insights on multiple inlet evolution, particularly with regard to their persistence through time. The methodological framework can be applied to assess the long-term stability of single- and multiple-inlet systems, provided that estimates of sediment storage at ebb-tidal deltas are available and sediment transport estimates during storm events are statistically considered. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents a multilayered ecosystem modelling approach that combines the simulation of the biogeochemistry of a coastal ecosystem with the simulation of the main forcing functions, such as catchment loading and aquaculture activities. This approach was developed as a tool for sustainable management of coastal ecosystems. A key feature is to simulate management scenarios that account for changes in multiple uses and enable assessment of cumulative impacts of coastal activities. The model was applied to a coastal zone in China with large aquaculture production and multiple catchment uses, and where management efforts to improve water quality are under way. Development scenarios designed in conjunction with local managers and aquaculture producers include the reduction of fish cages and treatment of wastewater. Despite the reduction in nutrient loading simulated in three different scenarios, inorganic nutrient concentrations in the bay were predicted to exceed the thresholds for poor quality defined by Chinese seawater quality legislation. For all scenarios there is still a Moderate High to High nutrient loading from the catchment, so further reductions might be enacted, together with additional decreases in fish cage culture. The model predicts that overall, shellfish production decreases by 10%–28% using any of these development scenarios, principally because shellfish growth is being sustained by the substances to be reduced for improvement of water quality. The model outcomes indicate that this may be counteracted by zoning of shellfish aquaculture at the ecosystem level in order to optimize trade-offs between productivity and environmental effects. The present case study exemplifies the value of multilayered ecosystem modelling as a tool for Integrated Coastal Zone Management and for the adoption of ecosystem approaches for marine resource management. This modelling approach can be applied worldwide, and may be particularly useful for the application of coastal management regulation, for instance in the implementation of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A tsunami, triggered by a massive undersea earthquake off Sumatra in Indonesia, greatly devastated the lives, property and infrastructure of coastal communities in the coastal states of India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Thailand. This event attracted the attention of environmental managers at all levels, local, national, regional and global. It also shifted the focus from the impact of human activities on the environment to the impacts of natural hazards. Recovery/reconstruction of these areas is highly challenging. A clear understanding of the complex dynamics of the coast and the types of challenges faced by the several stakeholders of the coast is required. Issues such as sustainability, equity and community participation assume importance. The concept of ICZM (integrated coastal zone management) has been effectively used in most parts of the world. This concept emphasizes the holistic assessment of the coast and a multidisciplinary analysis using participatory processes. It integrates anthropocentric and eco-centric approaches. This paper documents several issues involved in the recovery of tsunami-affected areas and recommends the application of the ICZM concept to the reconstruction efforts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, a dynamic model is developed in which coastal quality can be improved, restored, or maintained by two distinct user groups; this is done by identifying a context that ensures an increase (or a greater increase) in coastal quality in terms of specific features that characterise the user groups. The results demonstrate that integrated coastal management is always better than non-integrated management. Moreover, when there is a low degree of interest in maintaining the coastal use over time, only integrated community-based (CB) coastal management will increase the coastal quality. Even when the interest in maintaining the coastal use over time is high, an integrated CB approach is preferred if the willingness to pay for coastal improvements is great and the marginal inefficiency of investments in coastal improvements is low, because the coastal quality improves to a greater extent; if not, only an integrated top–down (TD) approach to coastal management will increase the coastal quality. These results suggest that developing countries should always adopt a CB approach; in contrast, developed countries should adopt a CB approach where local stakeholders attach direct values to the coastal quality, and adopt a TD approach where the general population attaches indirect (option or existence) values to coastal quality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In drawing attention to how ‘place’ situates and configures scientific practice, recent scholarship examining historical geographies of science tends to overlook how natural places shape scientific ideas, practices and institutions. This paper suggests that environmental factors may be conceived in terms of the interplay of ‘site and situation’ in environmental science. It examines the pioneering marine pollution research program developed at the Fisheries Research Board of Canada''s Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo, British Columbia. Beginning with an analysis of pulp mill effluent in Alberni Inlet on Vancouver Island, oceanographers at the station undertook studies aimed at minimizing threats to commercial fisheries from aquatic pollution on the B.C. coast. As a key site of pollution research, Alberni Inlet was situated within a variety of environmental, institutional and social contexts: the politics of resource exploitation in B.C., institutions of fisheries research and regulation, and the disciplinary practices of marine pollution science on the Pacific coast. By the 1960s, the board''s Pacific Oceanographic Group had developed a leading research program in marine pollution science, and the Alberni experience formed the basis for a coast-wide inventory of environments receiving industrial wastes. Oceanographers framed pollution control in terms of ‘assimilative capacity,’ or the ability of natural waters to dilute, disperse and absorb industrial wastes without harm to valuable commercial fish species. As subsequent pollution problems revealed, however, this instrumental approach to environmental management tended to ignore ecological complexity and variability, and the unforeseen consequences of engineering natural systems as waste sinks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the development of computing technology, mechanistic models are often employed to simulate processes in coastal environments. However, these predictive tools are inevitably highly specialized, involving certain assumptions and/or limitations, and can be manipulated only by experienced engineers who have a thorough understanding of the underlying theories. This results in significant constraints on their manipulation as well as large gaps in understanding and expectations between the developers and practitioners of a model. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are making it possible to integrate machine learning capabilities into numerical modeling systems in order to bridge the gaps and lessen the demands on human experts. The objective of this paper is to review the state-of-the-art in the integration of different AI technologies into coastal modeling. The algorithms and methods studied include knowledge-based systems, genetic algorithms, artificial neural networks, and fuzzy inference systems. More focus is given to knowledge-based systems, which have apparent advantages over the others in allowing more transparent transfers of knowledge in the use of models and in furnishing the intelligent manipulation of calibration parameters. Of course, the other AI methods also have their individual contributions towards accurate and reliable predictions of coastal processes. The integrated model might be very powerful, since the advantages of each technique can be combined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Capacity building is widely recognised as a central feature of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). Yet, although increased community capacity can potentially empower local communities with the ability to tackle the impacts of socio-economic change, an evaluation of ICZM performance reveals a limited interest in advancing community development initiatives. This weakness is particularly apparent in Scotland. Whilst coastal communities in Scotland have been found to suffer from a range of significant socio-economic problems, Scottish approaches to ICZM have failed to improve local development trajectories. In response, this paper considers the degree to which community based partnerships can assist in the delivery of sustainable development benefits. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents a qualitative analysis of a series of in-depth interviews with governmental and non-governmental institutions (NGOs). Within the EUROCAT[1] EUROpean CATchments, Project N° EVK1-CT-2000-00044 (http://www.iia-cnr.unical.it/EUROCAT/project.htm).1 project this methodology of participatory approach, aiming to scope the present perceptions about environmental issues and possible strategies for environmental improvement, is applied to the study of the Elbe catchment for the first time. In this frame, an Advisory Board (AB) was created, with the aim of giving insights into conflicting interests in the river catchment and guidelines for river basin management. Focus of the Elbe case study is the issue of nutrient enrichment (from the catchment) and the induced eutrophication of the coastal waters (the German Bight). Specifically, regarding this topic, the possible reduction of eutrophication in the German Bight by a (policy driven) decrease in nutrient inputs from the catchment area is analysed. Different measures for reducing the input of nutrients from the catchment, and ultimately preventing eutrophication of the coastal waters are considered. In this context, the members of the AB were asked about the efficiency and feasibility of different measures and the criteria for choosing ‘better’ management solutions among the possible ones. Although there is a general agreement about the necessity of reducing nutrient emissions, some members of the AB perceive other environmental issues (e.g. altered morphodynamics) as more relevant than nutrient enrichment. Voluntary cooperation, eco-efficiency and ‘trans-sectoral’ communication are the key concepts mentioned as being indispensable for integrated management. The (public) acceptance of measures for nutrient reduction have to find its way through compromises and social equity, allowing for win–win solutions among different groups of interests and balanced spatial division of costs and benefits. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

One of the most used measures to counteract coastal erosion is beach nourishment. It has advantages with respect to the use of rigid structures that sometimes entail non desired impacts on the surrounding areas. However, beach nourishments are often unsuccessful, requiring frequent refills due to the use of sediments that are not suitable. In this paper, a methodological framework for increasing the probability of success of beach nourishment projects is presented. First, this framework consists of detecting potential borrowing areas, by analysing shoreline evolution and selecting the stretch that shows a more accretive character. Once the borrowing area has been identified, several sand extraction options are defined. The beach response (in terms of erosion and flooding) to each sand extraction alternative is analysed by using two numerical models, which simulate the hydro-morphodynamic patterns in the studied area. The numerical model results allow to find the best extraction alternative, which is that producing the least impact in the borrow area. As an example, the methodology is applied to a stretch of the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean) to illustrate its potential. The proposed methodology shows to be a useful tool for helping coastal managers to optimize their available resources. • Beach nourishments are often unsuccessful due to the use of non-suitable sediments. • A methodological framework for selecting the best sediment sources for beach fills is developed. • The framework includes the identification of the borrowing area and the best sand extraction option. • The methodology is applied to a stretch of the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean). • The methodology shows to be a useful tool for helping coastal managers to optimize their resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thousands of kilometres of coastal residential waterways have been constructed across the globe, mostly in estuaries. These have caused significant environmental impact demonstrating a need for proper management and planning informed by science. Additional potential impacts of climate change, specifically sea-level rise, make coastal residential waterway developments by their nature particularly vulnerable, with restricted options for adaptation. This paper analyses Australian policies on coastal residential waterways over the last 50 years and the extent to which science, including estuarine and climate change science, has been incorporated into policy decisions or policy formulation. This analysis is in the context of theories on the uptake of science in policy-making and against a background of Australian government and inter-governmental reports indicating the vulnerable nature of low-lying coastal development. This paper reveals that coastal residential waterways referred to as canal estates occur in all Australian mainland states but given the lack of any national coastal policy, the onus is on each individual state to formulate its own policies. These policies are on a continuum from explicit, detailed science-based policy guidelines in some states, through implicit scientific impacts informing political decisions in other states, to generic environmental assessment procedures without specific reference to canal estate development. This paper concludes that the extent to which science has been incorporated into policy-making for canal estates is variable across the Australian states and appears to be heavily influenced by politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]