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In the global context, countries must reduce carbon dioxide emissions to "net zero" by 2050 to limit global warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. China's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are to peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieve the carbon neutrality target by 2060. To monitor the achievements of the NDCs, establishing an annual-based accounting mechanism is necessary to record the carbon stocks in China, especially for Blue Carbon. The paper aims to present China's first national-scale systematic Blue Carbon accounting for mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrasses, covering the accounting subjects of physical and monetary assets, as well as relevant indicators for investors. It focuses on the design of the accounting method and system, the selection of data categories applied to this system, and the application of China's Blue Carbon accounting based on this accounting system. Taking Blue Carbon accounting as a starting point, this paper analyses the restoration prospects of these ecosystems and their application potential for NDCs in China compared with the terrestrial ecosystems. The results indicate that mangroves are the most cost-effective type of ecosystem, even compared to terrestrial forests. Thus, the paper provides policymakers with a new perspective on the decision-making of carbon sequestration relevant decisions, aiming to promote the monitoring, restoration, and expansion of China's coastal blue carbon ecosystem through the establishment of a sound Blue Carbon accounting system, and to help achieve the carbon neutrality goal in China's NDCs through regular and systematic monitoring of its national Blue Carbon inventories. • China's coastal blue carbon ecosystems are carbon sources rather than carbon sinks. • Mangroves are the most cost-effective coastal blue carbon ecosystem compared to salt marshes and seagrass beds. • The Blue Carbon of mangroves is more cost-effective than the Green Carbon of terrestrial forests when meeting China's Nationally Determined Contributions target of increasing forest stocks. • Establishing guidelines for Blue Carbon data requirements will lay a scientific foundation for formulating strategies and policies to cope with global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying fossil fuel CO 2 (CO 2 ff) in the atmosphere provides a benchmark method to monitor anthropogenic carbon emissions. Radiocarbon (14C) in atmospheric CO 2 ff has been widely studied using the 14C in plants to document regional CO 2 ff patterns. However, annual CO 2 ff variations, reflecting spatial distributions based on plant samples, are still scarce. In this paper, the spatial distribution and temporal CO 2 ff changes in the Guanzhong Basin is established using Δ14C measurements from maize leaves collected in 2011 and 2012. With regard to spatial distribution, samples collected around Xi'an City showed lower Δ14C values (more CO 2 ff), while sites located near the perimeter of the basin showed higher Δ14C values (less CO 2 ff). This is likely due to the concentration of anthropogenic activities in the center of the Guanzhong Basin. The observed CO 2 ff mole fractions generally matched with PKU CO 2 inventory and the ODIAC CO 2 inventory data in the spatial distribution trend. However, it seems that thermal power plants were not well captured by the PKU CO 2 inventory. Our results provide useful information for the improvement of the inventory and verification of regional carbon cycle models. • The Δ14C in maize leaves for 2011 and 2012 were analyzed in Guanzhong Basin. • Spatial distribution of CO 2 ff mole fractions in Guanzhong Basin were studied. • The spatial pattern of observed CO 2 ff matches with the CO 2 inventory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is becoming a pressing issue for the global community. Afforestation and reforestation are promoted worldwide as an effective means of sequestering carbon. For its national interest and global concerns, China has made great efforts to protect its existing forests and develop programs of afforestation and reforestation. Based on two surveys recently conducted in Liping County, Guizhou province, this paper investigates the economic changes associated with the implementation of the “Grain For Green” policy. Based on the analytical framework of benefit cost analysis, this paper concludes that the implementation of the reforestation of sloping agricultural land policy would not be possible if there were no government subsidies for the peasants. The short term economic returns of land and labour from forestation are substantially lower than those generated from grain or cash crop production on the steep slope lands. The government subsidies provide great economic incentives for peasants to take part in the project. The subsidies in fact have elevated peasant income in rural Liping. The estimated potential economic returns of plantations over the long run indicate that the removal of the government financial subsidies would not create an economic crisis for the peasants if the current market conditions continue. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper introduces an integrated assessment (IA) approach for a Canada-China joint research project that linked forest carbon sequestration, forest resource management, and local sustainability enhancement. The purpose of the IA was to improve the measurement of carbon in different land uses and vegetation covers, as well as to direct decision makers to those land uses or options as an CO2 emission reduction strategy while supporting rural sustainable development. In this connection, three questions are addressed in this paper: [1)] How will forestry carbon sequestration land use policies affect regional sustainability prospects in rural China? [2)] How could carbon sequestration land use plans be better integrated into sustainable development strategies? and [3)] How can the IA approach assist Chinese government agencies in design effective forestry land use policies? The IA approach was applied in three rural sites of western China. These case studies are described in detail by following articles in this volume. The project improved the capacity of local resource managers in identifying the economic, social and environmental impacts of rural land use decisions that might increase carbon sequestration and enhance local livelihood. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Although there are some review papers on carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), hardly any of these reviews are focused on the role of CO 2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in accelerating carbon neutrality in China. In this review, strategies to achieve carbon neutrality is briefly but critically discussed, followed by a review of CO 2 -EOR as a promising technology. Especially, data analysis, including the number of publications on China's carbon neutrality, per capita CO 2 emissions, China's power generation, and the crude oil production of China's large oilfields, is carried out to make the discussion more comprehensive. Given the large amount of coal consumed in China, the high percent of electricity generated with coal, and the slow penetration of renewables already observed, it seems unlikely that 2060 targets will be met without CCUS. In order to achieve carbon neutrality, both reduction in carbon emissions and increase in carbon sequestration are inevitable. Furthermore, it is concluded that CO 2 storage through EOR is likely to have a bright future. However, there are some critical issues to be solved, including the technical issues, leakage and safety issues, cost issues, policy issues, etc. In order to turn CO 2 -EOR into a reliable and more favorable technology, more research and efforts are needed to solve these issues, including advancing carbon capture technologies, improving storage technologies, developing effective monitoring technologies, deploying government support and incentive policies, etc. • CO 2 emission reduction and sequestration are needed to achieve carbon neutrality. • Carbon capture and storage without utilization is not suitable for China. • CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is more viable as a cost-effective CCUS technology. • CO 2 -EOR is likely to make great contributions to China's carbon neutrality target. • CO 2 leakage risk exists and more research is needed to ensure CO 2 is safely stored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sloping Land Conversion Program (also known as “Grain for Green” or the Upland Conversion Program) for converting cropland to forest is one of China''s most ambitious environmental initiatives, and is one of the world''s largest land-conservation programs with a budget of RMB 337 billion (over US$ 40 billion). Although environmental impacts have played a vital role in the general reasoning and argumentation for forest plantations, environmental impact analyses have often received less attention than economic analyses in the planning of plantation forestry projects. The overall goal of this paper is to evaluate the program''s environmental impact considering the farmer''s interests and the potential social benefits due to carbon sequestration in different scenarios based on household and field survey data in Dunhua County. Our findings are that: (1) in many cases, the program did not give adequate consideration to land productivity and environmental heterogeneity when selecting plots; (2) more than half of the reforestation plots were on flat cropland (slopes of less than 5°); (3) in five of the eight townships, net incomes on reforested land were substantially above or below previous crop incomes, raising questions about the efficiency of the allocation of compensation to farmers participating in the program; (4) the potential carbon co-benefit increased the NPV of the program by 5954–7009RMB/ha. In conclusion, we recommend that more attention should be paid to the quality of reforestation programs rather than just their scale and note that consideration of potential carbon sequestration co-benefits enhances the benefits of cropland conversion programs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Terrestrial ecosystems have received considerable attention as a significant sink for organic carbon at regional to global scales. Previous studies were focused on assessment and quantification of carbon sinks for one ecotype, and few have worked on the interconnection of terrestrial sinks. In this paper, we synthesized the data from China's second national soil survey and direct measurements from 54 lakes. Meanwhile, we investigated the controlling factors of carbon accumulation dynamics in soils and lakes. Results showed varied spatial distribution of soil and lake organic carbon in different regions, and three storage modes were found. The storage mode of watershed collection was observed in the region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, while the northeast China and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau revealed another storage mode of autochthonous deposition, and the mode of human activities affection was represented by the East Plain and Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau. The spatial difference throughout China was regulated by various climate patterns, geological conditions and anthropogenic interference. Our results provide insights into carbon storage modes in various regions, and also inform strategies for enhancing global carbon sequestration and future mitigation policies towards global climate change. • Climate, topography and human activity regulate regional soil and lake carbon storage. • Three carbon storage modes based on relationship between soil and lake carbon. • Suggestions to enhance carbon sequestration through soil and lake management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]