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[Display omitted] • Phenolic sponge biphasic system is a highly efficient approach to produce EPNs. • The process is advantageous relative to other systems. • The sponge-nematode mixture can be directly applied to the field. • Steinernema rarum is efficacious against the sugarcane billbug Sphenophorus levis. Entomopathogenic nematodes have been mass produced in vitro in a monoxenic system using two different approaches: the sponge (polyurethane) process soaked in symbiotic bacterial culture, and by liquid fermentation conducted in submerged bacterial culture. Another approach to produce nematodes under in vitro conditions is the biphasic process, which starts with liquid culture and ends with solid culture. This study was aimed at testing and optimizing a biphasic process for production of Steinernema rarum , as well as testing the efficacy of the produced nematode against the sugarcane billbug Sphenophorus levis. The process was accomplished by the initial growth of nematodes in liquid culture followed by inoculation on flaked phenolic sponges soaked with liquid medium and pre-inoculated with the symbiotic bacteria. The study consisted of three treatments represented by the three temperatures (15 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C) and evaluation at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after storage at the specified temperatures. Two tests in sugarcane fields were conducted to assess the efficiency of S. rarum against S. levis. The nematode inoculated in the sponge flakes continued to reproduce after the 21 days of incubation at 21 °C, reaching a peak of infective juvenile (IJ) yield by 30 days after the bags were transferred to storage conditions, regardless of the temperature at which they were stored. The nematode reached yields above 200,000 IJs/ml of culture in the treatments of 15 °C and 25 °C, which did not significantly differ from each other nor from the temperature of 35 °C that generated 180,000 IJs/ml. The temperature of 15 °C maintained nematode viability above 80% for up to 60 days after storage, differing significantly from the temperatures of 25 °C and 35 °C, which also differed among themselves and showed a drop in nematode viability to <22% after 30 days of storage. Steinernema rarum produced by the biphasic process provided >60% and >80% control of S. levis at 29 and 37 days post application in sugarcane fields, demonstrating that the rate of 108 IJs/ha should be recommended since it did not differed from the higher rate (109 IJs/ha) tested. We conclude that the phenolic sponge biphasic system is a highly efficient approach for producing entomopathogenic nematodes; moreover, the process is advantageous relative to other systems because the sponge acts as a medium for both production and storage, and the sponge-nematode mixture can be directly applied to the field without any extraction or harvest steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porphyromonas gingivalis is an important pathogen in the development of periodontal disease. Our study investigated if the treatment with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) that employs a nontoxic dye, followed by irradiation with harmless visible light can attenuate the experimental infection of P. gingivalis in Galleria mellonella . Firstly, different concentrations of P. gingivalis ranging from 10 2 to 10 6 cells/larva were injected into the animal to obtain a lethal concentration. Next, the following groups of G. mellonella infected with P. gingivalis were evaluated: inoculation of the photosensitizer and application of laser (P + L+), inoculation of physiologic solution and application of laser (P-L+), inoculation the photosensitizer without laser (P + L-) and inoculation of physiologic solution without Laser (P-L-). The effects of aPDT on infection by P. gingivalis were evaluated by survival curve analysis and hemocytes count. A lethal concentration of 10 6 cells/larva was adopted for evaluating the effects of aPDT on experimental infection with P. gingivalis. We found that after 120 s of PDT application, the death of G. mellonella was significantly lower compared to the control groups ( p = 0.0010). Moreover, the hemocyte density in the P+L+ group was increased by 9.6 × 10 6 cells/mL (2.62-fold increase) compared to the infected larvae with no treatment (L-P- group) ( p = 0.0175). Finally, we verified that the aPDT led to a significant reduction of the number of P. gingivalis cells in G. mellonella hemolymph. In conclusion, PDT application was effective against P. gingivalis infection by increasing the survival of G. mellonella and was able to increase the circulating hemocytes indicating that PDT activates the G. mellonella immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]