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Abstract: We present a model of the absolute radiance of the disk-resolved Moon at visible to near infrared wavelengths. It has been developed in order to use the Moon as a calibration reference, particularly by space-based sensors observing the Earth. We begin with the development of Hillier et al. (Hillier, J., Buratti, B., Hill, K. [1999]. Icarus 141, 205–225) for the reflectance as a function of phase angle and base the lunar reflectance on the Clementine 0.750μm basemap. We adopt Hapke’s (Hapke, B. [2002]. Icarus 157, 523–534) expression for the multiple scattering term, including the more accurate approximation to the Chandrasekhar H function. The geometry is based on the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Lunar Ephemeris DE 421, and the topographic slope is from the Kaguya-LALT laser altimetry (). We define three types of terrain by combining the reflectance from the Clementine basemap and the topographic model to specify maria, highlands, and crater regions, and allow mixed types between each class. Parameters of the model are solved for as a function of surface type and wavelength by comparison against data “chips” from the Robotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO; Kieffer, H.H., Stone, T.C. [2005]. Astron. J. 129, 2887–2901). The reflectance in any waveband may be computed by spectral interpolation of the model predictions relative to the scaled Apollo 16 soil spectrum. The accuracy of the model, evaluated against ROLO imagery, was found to be 2–4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Eight Garcinia species including seven edible fruits, Garcinia aristata, G. hombroniana, G. intermedia, G. livingstonei, the “superfruit”G. mangostana, G. spicata, and G. xanthochymus, and the wood of G. kola were analyzed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography photo-diode array (HPLC-PDA) method. Three benzophenones, guttiferone A, guttiferone E, and xanthochymol, and four biflavonoids amentoflavone, fukugeside, fukugetin, and volkensiflavone were identified and quantified by HPLC-PDA with authentic standards to verify their identity. Garcinia intermedia (IC50 =60.1±27.3μg/mL) and G. mangostana (IC50 =64.3±11.3μg/mL) fruits demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. The highest level of xanthochymol was found in G. spicata (70.50±1.10mg/g dry weight), while the highest quantity of guttiferone A was detected in G. intermedia (43.00±0.30mg/g dry weight), and thus was determined to be rich in total phenolic content. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]