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The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) measures addiction-like eating of palatable foods based on the seven diagnostic criteria for substance dependence in the fourth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Most recently, a new version of the YFAS has been developed based on the revised eleven diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. This YFAS 2.0 was translated into German and used among other measures in a study with 455 university students (89% female) and in a study with 138 obese patients presenting for bariatric surgery (78% female). In the student sample, the one-factorial structure of the English version could be replicated and internal consistency was α = 0.90. The diagnostic threshold for 'food addiction' was met by 10% of the sample. 'Food addiction' diagnoses were associated with higher body mass, binge eating frequency, trait food craving, and attentional impulsivity as well as with lower perceived self-regulatory success in dieting. In the obese sample, the diagnostic threshold for 'food addiction' was met by 47% of participants. Again, 'food addiction' symptomatology was associated with higher binge eating frequency and attentional impulsivity. However, those with a 'food addiction' diagnosis did not differ from those without a diagnosis in body mass. To conclude, psychometric properties of the English YFAS 2.0 were replicated for the German YFAS 2.0. Prevalence rates and correlates of 'food addiction' as measured with the YFAS 2.0 were similar to those found with the previous version of the YFAS. Thus, the German YFAS 2.0 appears to be a reliable measure that can be used for the investigation of addiction-like eating behavior, analogous to the original version of the YFAS and the English YFAS 2.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used pulsed-laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) of Cu or Zn foil targets in water or in aqueous Cu or Zn salt solutions. PLAL in neat water generated mixtures of metal and (thermodynamically preferred) metal oxide nanomaterials, whereas the availability of select dissolved anions predictably led to the fabrication of more complex phase-pure nanominerals. PLAL of Cu foil in aqueous CuCl 2 solution produced nano-paratacamite, Cu 2 Cl(OH) 3 , whereas nano-rouaite, Cu 2 (NO 3 )(OH) 3 , was formed in aqueous Cu(NO 3 ) 2 and NH 4 OH solution. Likewise, we synthesized simonkolleite, Zn 5 (OH) 8 Cl 2 ·H 2 O, or layered zinc hydroxide nitrate, Zn 5 (OH) 8 (NO 3 ) 2 ·2H 2 O, nanoparticles by PLAL of Zn targets in aqueous ablation liquids with added ZnCl 2 and NH 4 OH or Zn(NO 3 ) 2 , respectively. Bimetallic zincian paratacamite resulted from PLAL of Cu foil in aqueous Cu and Zn chloride solution. Our results show that kinetic control exceeded thermodynamic product formation during nanosecond ultraviolet PLAL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Weight cycling is a prevalent phenomenon in obese individuals. There is evidence that temperamental factors are associated with obesity and subgroups among the obese have been identified based on reactive and regulative aspects of temperament. Methods: We aimed at investigating the association between reactive and regulative aspects of temperament and severe weight cycling in overweight and obese individuals of a representative German population sample (n = 923). Participants completed questionnaires assessing weight parameters including BMI and weight cycling, sensitivity to punishment and to reward (BIS/BAS scales), self-regulatory abilities (effortful control scale), depressive symptoms, and binge eating. Results: Severe weight cycling was more common in women, and was associated with higher reward sensitivity, higher current and maximum-ever BMI, higher weight suppression, more depressive symptoms, and a higher prevalence of binge eating. In contrast, sensitivity to punishment and effortful control were not associated with severe weight cycling. Also, the interaction between sensitivity to reward and effortful control did not predict weight cycling. Discussion: Higher reward sensitivity might not only render individuals vulnerable for weight regain but might also be associated with a higher frequency of weight loss attempts due to the putative rewarding properties of the initial success in weight loss at the early stages of a diet. Temperamental factors should be considered in the treatment of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Complete defluorination of PFOS was achieved in aqueous electrocatalysis. • Defluorination occurred in the anode microenvironment. • Efficient defluorination required high lithium and hydroxide ion concentrations. • Nonprecious materials enhanced electrical energy and capital cost efficiency. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was completely defluorinated in aqueous electrocatalysis with laser-made [NiFe]-layered double hydroxide nanocatalysts immobilized on hydrophilic carbon fiber paper anodes. All materials were nonprecious, as needed for globally scalable remediation technologies for per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Pulsed electrolysis of 0.50 or 0.05 mM PFOS in aqueous 8.0 M LiOH solution assisted by ultraviolet light irradiation enhanced electrical energy and capital expense efficiency compared to existing techniques. Electrocatalytic defluorination occurred within the anode microenvironment, as evidenced by pulsed electrolysis vs continuous chronoamperometry data and electrolyte agitation experiments. We observed adsorbed PFOS and surface-bound OOH in X-ray photoelectron spectra of post-electrocatalysis anodes, corroborating that electrocatalytically regenerated reactive oxygen species defluorinated PFOS within the anode microenvironment. High concentrations of lithium ions and high basicity were essential for efficient defluorination, which also worked for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), albeit more efficiently for PFOS, presumably due to advanced oxidation processes by sulfate radicals near the anode that assisted defluorination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weight loss maintenance is essential for the reduction of obesity-related health impairments. However, only a minority of individuals successfully maintain reduced weight in the long term. Research has provided initial evidence for associations between weight-related teasing (WRT) and greater non-normative eating behaviors. Further, first evidence was found for associations between non-normative eating behaviors and weight loss maintenance. Hence, the present study aimed to examine the predictive value of WRT for weight loss maintenance and the role of non-normative eating behaviors as possible mediators of this relationship. The study was part of the German Weight Control Registry that prospectively followed individuals who had intentionally lost at least 10% of their maximum weight and had maintained this reduced weight for at least one year. In N = 381 participants, retrospective WRT during childhood and adolescence, current non-normative eating behaviors (i.e., restrained, external, emotional eating), and change in body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)) over two years were examined using self-report assessments. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the assumed mediational relationship. As a result, a greater effect of retrospective WRT during childhood and adolescence predicted less successful adult weight loss maintenance over two years. Current emotional eating fully mediated this relationship while current restrained and external eating yielded no mediational effects. Hence, a greater effect of WRT predicted greater current emotional eating, which in turn predicted a smaller decrease or a greater increase in BMI. Our findings suggest that suffering from WRT during childhood and adolescence might lead to emotional eating which in turn impairs long-term weight loss maintenance. Thus, our results highlight the need for interventions aiming at reducing weight stigmatization and targeting emotional eating for successful long-term weight loss maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]