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Abstract There are different types of effluents from farming operations including untreated slurry (a mixture of manure, urine, split feed, and water), and treated slurry that normally is filtered to separate the solid fraction from the liquid fraction. With the amount of slurry applied on the soils as fertiliser every year, there are necessary to measure the leaching of microbial capable of transmitting infective agents that can be normally on slurry, because slurry can be a potential biohazard capable of transmitting infective agents. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and survival of Escherichia coli (E. coli) on liquid fraction of dairy slurry, with the addition of different treatments during storage, such as addition of Biochar, beneficial microorganisms, sulphuric acid and the combinations of them. All the applied treatments to slurry show statistically significant differences (P < 0.001), according to the different sampling dates. Results showed that there are conditions and treatments that benefit the survival probability of E. coli , the treatments that include the acidification of slurry have the highest averages of CFU/ml (243288.3 at 37 °C; 136584 at 44 °C). These results can contribute to the improvement of the quality of slurry applied on soils, beneficiating agriculture but also public health. Highlights • Investigate the survival of E. coli on liquid fraction of dairy slurry. • Results showed treatments used benefit the survival probability of E. coli. • Treatments with acidification of slurry have the highest averages CFU E. coli /ml. • Addition of Biochar and beneficial microorganisms reduce CFU E. coli /ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase of animal slurry produced from livestock production, the monitoring and mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH 3) emissions represent a major issue. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been used to evaluate the long-term environmental effects of applied strategies and technologies on cattle slurry management for mitigation of environmental harmful gases. This study was carried on two main aims: first, the effect of the addition of sulphuric acid (SA), biochar (SBi) or A + Bi to liquid cattle-slurry (treated systems) on gas emissions during storage compared to the untreated system (S) was investigated in a laboratory-controlled experiment; second, the environmental implications of each treated or untreated system were assessed through a LCA approach according to ISO 14040/44. Five CML 2001 impact categories were used: eutrophication potential (EP), acidification potential (AP), global warming potential (GWP), human toxicity potential (HTP) and Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP). Comparisons were based on 1 ton fresh dairy cattle slurry. The environmental profile of untreated system showed lower efficiency in mitigation of total GHG and NH 3 emissions (0.0312 and 0.0001 kg CO 2 -eq respectively), during storage period and greater impact on GWP and HTP categories. The electricity consumption in mechanical separation dominated the environmental impacts. From the three proposed treated systems, SA showed the highest efficiency on mitigation of gas emissions compared to the other treatments, reducing NH 3 , CH 4 and CO 2 emissions respectively in 61%, 98% and 15%, when compared to the SBi system. In all categories, acidified slurry also showed the lowest environmental impact relative to other treated systems and the benefit was more evident when the impacts were expressed per kilogram of nitrogen in the slurry. Therefore, LCA methodology was of great importance to assess the environmental implications of the treatments and acidification can be considered as an effective technique on the mitigation of environmental implications of livestock production and cattle-effluent valorization. Optimization and uniformity of performed studies are essential to validate new strategies to improve the sustainability of this sector in the management of animal wastewater. • All proposed treated systems can be alternatives for mitigation of gas emissions. • Acidification showed the lowest impact in all environmental categories for treated systems. • Acidification showed higher efficiency in mitigation of gas emissions during storage. • Environmental profile among treatments was mainly reflected in GWP, AP and HTP categories. • The environmental profile was dominated by storage phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decomposition of dairy cows' excreta on housing floor leads to ammonia and greenhouse gases production, yet factors affecting total emissions have not been fully disclosed. This work aimed to assess the impact of lactation stage, feeding system and sampling time on gaseous emission potential of cow's faeces and urine in laboratory chambers systems. Individual faeces and urine were collected from two groups of four cows, at peak and post peak lactation, from three commercial farms with distinct feeding systems: total mixed ration (TMR), total mixed ration plus concentrate at robot (TMR + robot), and total mixed ration plus concentrate in automatic feeders (TMR + AF). Samples were collected before a.m. (T8h), at middle day (T12h), and before p.m. (T17h) milking. In a laboratory chambers system, faeces and urine were mixed in a ratio of 1.7:1, and ammonia and greenhouse gases emissions were monitored during 48-h. Cumulative N–N 2 O emissions were the highest in TMR + robot system, post peak cows and sampling time T17h. An interaction between stage of lactation and sampling time was detected for N–NH 3 and N–N 2 O (g/kg organic soluble N) emissions. Post peak cows also produced the highest cumulative N–NH 3 emissions. Overall results contribute for the identification of specific on-farm strategies to reduce gaseous emissions from cows' excreta. • Feeding systems, stage of lactation and sampling time altered GHG and NH 3 emissions. • Emissions of N–N 2 O were highest at TMR + robot and of N–NH 3 at TMR and TMR + AF systems. • Higher cumulative N–N 2 O and N–NH 3 emissions were observed in post peak lactation. • Excreta collected at T17h led to the highest N–N 2 O cumulative emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested the influence of four polymorphisms and gene duplication in CYP2D6 on in vivo enzyme activity in a Chilean mestizo population in order to identify the most relevant genetic profiles that account for observed phenotypes in this ethnic group. CYP2D6 *2 (2850C>T), *3 (2549A>del), *4 (1846G>A), *17 (1023C>T) and gene duplication were determined by PCR-RFLP or PCRL in a group of 321 healthy volunteers. Individuals with different variant alleles were phenotyped by determining debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase activity as a metabolic ratio (MR) using a validated HPLC assay. Minor allele frequencies were 0.41, 0.01, 0.12 and 0.00 for CYP2D6 *2, *3, *4 and *17 variants, respectively, and the duplication frequency was 0.003. Genotype analysis correlated with phenotypes in 18 of 23 subjects (78.3%). 11 subjects were extensive metabolizers (EM), 8 were intermediate metabolizers (IM), 2 were poor metabolizers (PM) and 2 were ultra-rapid metabolizers (UM) which is fairly coincident with expected phenotypes metabolic ratios ranged from 0.11 to 126.41. The influence of CYP2D6 *3 was particularly notable, although only heterozygote carriers were present in our population. Individuals homozygous for *4 were always PM. As expected, the only subject with gene duplication was UM. In conclusion, there was a clear effect of genotype on observed CYP2D6 activity. Classification of EM, PM and UM through genotyping was useful to characterize CYP2D6 phenotype in the Chilean mestizo population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]