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Sparse CuInS 2 (CIS) microspheres were grown on CIS seed layer by a wet-chemical approach in which the nuclei layer was prepared by the chemical spray pyrolysis technique. Both layers have been found to be polycrystalline in nature and possess body centered tetragonal crystal structure. SEM and AFM analyses reveal that the CIS seed layer consists of high dense nanoparticles with the thickness of 0.97 μm and the average diameter of the as-grown microspheres is ∼2.1 μm. CIS microspheres may degrade the Cu–Au phase and improve the chalcopyrite phase in CIS film. The electrical properties of prepared films change tremendously, switching from low conductive (0.378 S cm −1 ) hole dominated P-type (CIS seed layer) to high conductive (7.324 S cm −1 ) electron dominated N-type (CIS microspheres). The results demonstrated that CIS microspheres exhibited good morphological and electrical properties and might have potential applications in photovoltaic technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Contact angle were carried out for the first time for CdO thin film. [•] Effect of concentration influences the growth orientation of the CdO thin films. [•] Concentrations of Cd ions modify the physical properties of CdO thin films. [•] High Transmittance (more than 90%) was observed for CdO thin film. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS) onboard the Chandraayaan-2 spacecraft around the Moon, has been remotely measuring the lunar X-ray fluorescence spectra since September, 2019. The primary objective of the experiment is to provide global maps of O, Mg, Al, Si at a resolution of 12.5 km/pix and of Ca, Ti and Fe at localized regions during enhanced solar activity, using the lunar X-ray fluorescence measurements in the 0.5 to 10 KeV range. CLASS is an array of swept charge devices (SCDs), a variant of X ray Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) that provide good spectral resolution and large area. The quality of X-ray measurements strongly depends on accuracy of its calibration techniques. In this work, the results from the pre-launch calibration of the instrument that combines experimental measurements and simulations are described. The spectral redistribution function of the swept charge device is simulated using an augmented version of a previously developed charge transport model (Athiray et al., 2015). Response matrices built from these models are verified with in-flight data. We study the background in SCDs arising from particles in the lunar orbit over many months and identify the sources. We demonstrate the in-flight performance of the instrument that enables generation of direct elemental maps. Elemental abundances for a region in the farside highland and in the nearside western mare are derived demonstrating the method and the instrument capability of deriving the elemental abundances at different spatial scales and at different solar activity levels. • An end-to-end science data calibration is developed for the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, CLASS onboard Chandrayaan-2. • In-flight performance of the X ray spectrometer and capabilities are evaluated. • Calibrated elemental abundances from a far side highland and mare regions are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]