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Copyright infringement adversely affects the interest of copyright holders of images and videos which are uploaded to different websites and peer-to-peer image sharing systems. This paper addresses the problem of detecting copyright infringement so that copyright holders are given due credit for their work. There are several images and videos that are shared every day by millions of users with some amount of modification in images and videos originally uploaded by the copyright holders such as photographers, graphic designers, and video providers. Copyright violators, who are not the original creators of multimedia content modify them using image processing and frame modification techniques such as grayscale conversion, cropping, rotation, frame compression, and frame speed manipulation. Then, upload the tampered images and videos. To address this problem, we propose an IPFS-based (InterPlanetary File System-based) decentralized peer-to-peer image and video sharing platform built on blockchain technology. We use a perceptual hash (pHash) technique to detect copyright violations of multimedia. When multimedia is to be uploaded to the IPFS, the pHash of the same content is determined and checked against existing pHash values in the blockchain network. Similarity with existing pHash values would result in the multimedia being detected as tampered with. Blockchain technology offers the advantage of non-involvement of a third party and consequently the avoidance of a single point of failure. • We present a platform of blockchain and IPFS to store multimedia objects as transactions. • The proposed framework ensures multimedia availability, immutability, and transparency. • The proposed approach is fully distributed where copyright information can be verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, switches and network routers have been compromised frequently, and a lot of vulnerabilities have occurred in network infrastructure. Secure routing (SR) is one of the challenges that currently exists in computer networks. Software-defined networks (SDN) are designed by assuming that routers or switches are trustworthy. In SDN, untrusted devices have resulted in security issues such as traffic analysis, failure to receive information, packet change and removal, inaccurate routing, and network downtime. Using encryption methods is a possible solution to deal with some of these problems, but it requires additional infrastructure as well as significant overhead at runtime. One of the most trusted routing methods is through replicated devices (switches or routers). Recently we have seen less attention given to the number of replicated devices in SR. In this paper, the problem of SR is converted into a multi-objective optimization problem, considering the reliability of different manufacturers and SR with untrusted devices is performed. To this end, a mathematical model is provided to study the objectives of maximum reliability and cost minimization. The NSGA-II algorithm is applied to determine the optimal number of replicated devices in order to minimize the cost of implementing SR in spite of the presence of untrusted devices in SDN. Our simulation results show that our proposed method compared to the base method (without considering optimization) decreases implementation cost by 27% and increases the reliability from 70% to 93.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]