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Abstract Spinal arteriovenous malformations (sAVM) are rare and heterogeneous group of blood vessel disorders that affect spinal cord function directly or indirectly; however, the pathogenesis of sAVM is still unclear. In this study, we compared four sAVM specimens obtained during surgery and donated control samples in a Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-labeled proteomic analysis. We identified 3101 proteins, 654 of which were differentially expressed in sAVM samples compared with the controls. Of these, 96 proteins were upregulated and 358 proteins were downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that extracellular matrix organization in the biological process category and integrin-binding proteins in the molecular function category were the most enriched items. Two significant differentially expressed proteins (MYLK and MMP9) were verified by Western blot analysis. The pathway analysis indicated that the differentially expressed proteins in the pathways of angiogenesis, focal adhesion and cytoplasmic ribosome contributed to sAVM. The changes in protein profiles identified in this proteomic study provide an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of sAVM. The proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD007982. Highlights • We identified 654 differentially expressed proteins in sAVM samples compared with the controls. • Proteins in angiogenesis, focal adhesion and cytoplasmic ribosome pathways contributed to sAVM. • Extracellular matrix organization was the most GO biological process category in bAVM. • Integrin-binding proteins were the most GO molecular function category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine effects of potential probiotic Bacillus cereus EN25 (isolated from mud of sea cucumber culturing water bodies) on growth, immunity and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus . Animals were respectively fed diets with B. cereus EN25 at 0 (control), 10 5 , 10 7 and 10 9 CFU/g for 30 days. Results showed that dietary B. cereus EN25 had no significant effects on growth, total coelomocytes counts and acid phosphatase activity of A. japonicus ( P > 0.05). Dietary EN25 at 10 7 CFU/g had significantly improved the phagocytosis, respiratory burst activity and total nitric oxide synthase activity of animals ( P < 0.05). Compared to control, dietary EN25 at 10 5 or 10 7 CFU/g had no significant effects on superoxide dismutase activity of A. japonicus ( P > 0.05), whereas dietary EN25 at 10 9 CFU/g had significantly decreased its activity ( P < 0.05). The cumulative mortality after V. splendidus challenge decreased significantly in sea cucumbers fed with EN25 at 10 7 CFU/g ( P < 0.05). The present study confirmed dietary B. cereus EN25 at 10 7 CFU/g could significantly improve immunity and disease resistance in juvenile A. japonicus . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]