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[Display omitted] • A real-time assessment method of asphalt pavement moduli and traffic loads using monitoring data from built-in sensors was proposed. • The optimal sensor placement and stepwise decoupling algorithm were complemented and beneficial to decouple the identification of pavement moduli and traffic loads. • The accuracy of the proposed method was comprehensively validated from the theoretical and practical perspectives. • The proposed method has application prospects for understanding the damage behavior of pavement, improving pavement design methods, and guiding maintenance decisions. Asphalt pavement performance is gradually attenuated subjected to repeated traffic loads. Grasping the relationship between the repeated traffic loads and pavement modulus attenuation is crucial for understanding pavement mechanical behavior, improving pavement design methods, and guiding maintenance decisions. However, the current bottleneck is that neither the existing non-destructive testing nor monitoring methods can simultaneously obtain the information of traffic loads and pavement moduli. To fill this gap, an innovative real-time assessment method of asphalt pavement moduli and traffic loads from the aspect of structural health monitoring was proposed. On the one hand, the optimal sensor placement was determined by the theoretical relationships between moduli, loads, and mechanical responses based on elastic multi-layered theory. On the other hand, the corresponding algorithm for stepwise decoupling identification of asphalt pavement moduli and traffic loads to match the optimal sensor placement was developed. Therefrom, the validity of the proposed assessment method was theoretically verified, and the effects of the viscoelastic property of asphalt materials, measurement errors, and layer thickness on the identification accuracy were comprehensively discussed. The proposed assessment method was applied to the realistic pavement to further prove its applicability. Results show that the proposed assessment method can both evaluate pavement moduli and traffic loads accurately. The proposed assessment method has application prospects for simultaneous real-time monitoring of the pavement modulus attenuation and traffic loads, which helps understand the pavement damage behavior, improve pavement design methods, and guide maintenance decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]