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At present, the physiological roles of various hormones in fish glucose metabolism have been elucidated. Spexin, a 14-amino acids polypeptide, is highly conserved in many species and has functions such as reducing body weight and improving insulin resistance. In this paper, the open reading frame (ORF) of spx2 1 in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) was cloned, and the tissue distribution of spx1 and spx2 , their direct and indirect regulatory effects on glucose metabolism of grass carp were investigated. The ORF of spx2 gene in grass carp was 279 bp in length. Moreover, spx1 was highly expressed in the adipose tissue, while spx2 was highly expressed in the brain. In vitr o, SPX1 and SPX2 showed opposite effects on the glycolytic pathway in the primary hepatocytes. In vivo , intraperitoneal injection of SPX1 and SPX2 significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased hepatopancreas glycogen contents. Meanwhile, SPX1 and SPX2 promoted the expression of key genes of glycolysis (pk) and glycogen synthesis (gys) in the hepatopancreas at 3 h post injection. As for indirect effects, 1000 nM SPX1 and SPX2 significantly increased insulin-mediated liver type phosphofructokinase (pfkla) mRNA expression and enhanced the inhibitory effects of insulin on glucose-6-phosphatase (g6pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck), glycogen phosphorylase L (pygl) mRNA expression. Our results show that SPX1 and SPX2 have similar indirect effects on the regulation of glucose metabolism that enhance insulin activity, but they exhibit opposite roles in terms of direct effects. [Display omitted] • SPX1 and SPX2 showed opposite effects on the glycolytic pathway in vitro. • SPX1/2 play a hypoglycemic role in vivo in grass carp. • SPX1 promotes glycolysis and glycogen synthesis, and inhibits gluconeogenesis in vivo. • SPX2 promotes glycolysis and glycogen synthesis in vivo. • SPX1/2 promote insulin-induced glycolysis and glycogen synthesis, inhibit gluconeogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) is a vital economically farmed fish of the Cyprinidae family. With the development of intensive aquaculture, carp production has increased dramatically, leading to the frequent occurrence of various diseases. Cell lines are considered the most cost-effective resource for in vitro studies and are widely used for physiological and pathological studies because of accessibility and convenience. This research established a novel immortal cell line CCM (Yellow River carp muscle cells) derived from the carp muscle. CCM has been passed over 71 generations for 1 year. The morphology of CCM and the adhesion and extension processes were captured by light and electron microscopy. CCM were passaged every 3 days with 20% FBS DMEM/F12 at 1:3. The optimum conditions for CCM growth were 28 °C and 20% FBS concentration. DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA and COI showed that CCM was derived from carp. CCM positively reacts to anti-PAX7 and anti-MyoD antibodies of carp. Analysis of chromosomes revealed that the chromosomal pattern number of CCM was 100. Transfection experiment demonstrated that CCM might be utilized to express foreign genes. Furthermore, cytotoxicity testing showed that CCM was susceptible to Aeromonas hydrophila , Aeromonas salmonicida , Aeromonas veronii , and Staphylococcus Aureus. The organophosphate pesticides (chlorpyrifos and glyphosate) or heavy metals (Hg, Cd, and Cu) exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity against CCM. After LPS treatment, the MyD88-IRAKs-NFκB pathway stimulates inflammatory-related factor il1β , il8 , il10 , and nfκb expression. LPS did not seem to cause oxidative stress in CCM, and the expression of cat and sod was not affected. Poly (I:C) through TLR3-TRIF-MyD88-TRAF6-NFκB and TRIF-TRAF3-TBK1-IRF3 activated the transcription of related factors, increased expression of anti-viral protein, but no changes in apoptosis-related genes. To our knowledge, this is the first muscle cell line in Yellow River carp and the first study on the immune response signal pathways of Yellow River carp based on the muscle cell line. CCM cell line provides a more rapid and efficient experimental material for fish immunology research, and this study preliminarily elucidated its immune response strategy to LPS and poly (I:C). • CCM was established and became the first stable muscle cell line of Yellow River carp. • CCM positively reacts to anti-PAX7 and anti-MyoD antibodies of Yellow River carp. • CCM can be used to assess the cytotoxicity of pesticides and heavy metals and are sensitive to bacterial. • Immune-responsive pathways in response to LPS and poly (I: C) challenge in CCM were evidenced. • CCM cell line can be used as a cell model for virology and immunology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetlands play an important role in reducing the impact of nitrogen pollution on natural aquatic environments. However, during the plant wilting period (winter) there will inevitably be a reduction in nitrogen removal from wetlands. Understanding optimum harvest time will allow the use of management practices to balance the trade-off between nitrogen removal and the sustainability of wetlands. In this study, we investigated wetland nitrogen removal and reed (Phragmites australis) nutrient responses for two years [first year: influent total nitrogen (TN) 17.6–34.7 mg L−1; second year: influent TN 3.2–10.0 mg L−1] to identify the optimal harvest time: before wilting, mid-wilting, or late wilting. Harvesting decreased wetland nitrogen removal in both years, with later harvest time producing a smaller decrease in TN and ammonium-nitrogen (NH 4 +–N) removal. In addition to harvest before wilting, aboveground reed harvest at mid-wilting harvested more nutrients [carbon (C) 7.9%, nitrogen (N) 46.6% and phosphorus (P) 43.6%] in the first year, while harvest at late wilting harvested more nutrients (C 4.9%, N 7.8% and P 24.1%) in the second year, although this was not statistically significant. The late wilting harvest caused fewer disturbances to root stoichiometric homeostasis in the first year, while mid-wilting harvest promoted root nutrient availability in the second year. In addition, redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that root stoichiometry was interrelated with wetland nitrogen removal. Our results suggest that optimal harvest time was late wilting on the basis of wetland nitrogen removal, or either mid- or late wilting according to reed nutrient response to influent nitrogen concentration in some years. Our results provide crucial information for winter wetlands management. • Later harvest times had less impact on wetland TN and NH 4 +–N removal. • Mid- or late-wilting harvest should be selected according to reed nutrient response. • Root stoichiometric characteristics were related to wetland nitrogen removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inonotus sanghuang (IS) is a mushroom species with some bioactivity. In this study, we characterized in Inonotus sanghuang polyphenolic compounds and assessed antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antimicrobial activities. Inonotus sanghuang was first extracted using ethanol and then the resulting ethanol extract was sequentially partitioned into four fractions. Among these fractions, ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) appeared to contain constituents with the largest antioxidant capacity as demonstrated by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays ( p ≤ 0.05). This fraction also displayed the strongest antiproliferative effect against tumor cell PC3 (IC 50, 70.8 μg/mL) determined using a CCK-8 assay. Further, the EAF showed antimicrobial activities against 3 gram-positive bacteria evaluated using an agar well diffusion method. Using LC-MS, six polyphenolics, e.g., rutin, chlorogenic acid, quercitrin, isorhamnetin, quercetin and icarisid II, were identified in the EAF. Total phenol content of Inonotus sanghuang was correlated significantly with FRAP value ( r = 0.988, p ≤ 0.001). Thus, the EAF of wild Inonotus sanghuang contains constituents with potent antioxidant, antiproliferative and antimicrobial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Oxidation-etching of MOF to assemble CoMn mixed oxide catalyst was proposed for the first time. • Abundant mesoporous structures and multifarious active regions in the catalyst were achieved. • The obtained catalyst exhibited excellent low-temperature toluene catalytic performance. • Stepwise oxidation mechanism was explored with DFT calculations and in situ DRIFTS technique. For the first time, a nanosheet-state CoMnx mixed oxide with multifarious active regions was synthesized by oxidation-etching assembly of metal organic framework (MOF) precursor and applied for catalytic combustion of toluene at low temperatures. The obtained optimum catalyst denoted as CoMn6 showed excellent performance, which achieved 90% conversion of 1,000 ppm toluene under a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 60,000 mL/(g·h) at 219 °C. While, it also exhibited long-term stability with strong water resistance property. The characterizations of physicochemical properties indicated that the oxidation-etching assembly process built an abundant mesoporous structure in the CoMnx catalyst, which greatly increased the specific surface area (SSA). Especially, potassium permanganate as oxidant and manganese source led to uniform dispersion and assembling of cobalt atoms, which caused the generation of low-crystallinity CoMnx mixed oxide with abundant dislocations, vacancies, phase interfaces and amorphous structures, resulting in excellent low-temperature reducibility, outstanding lattice oxygen mobility and abundant active species such as Mn3+, Co3+ and adsorbed oxygen species. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that gaseous oxygen with the longer bond length (1.406 Å) and stronger adsorption energy (−4.443 eV) could be adsorbed and activated well on the MnCo 2 O 4.5 (3 1 1) plane, which is beneficial for the toluene oxidation. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) technique was applied to track the intermediates of toluene combustion under different atmospheres, which further deduced the contributions of different active regions and oxidation mechanism over the CoMnx catalyst. The present facile strategy of oxidation-etching assembly of the MOF precursor for the creating of novel catalyst with high performance could be applied in a wide variety of materials besides VOC combustion catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores the effects of dietary Radix Rehmanniae Preparata polysaccharide (RRPP) supplementation on the growth performance, nonspecific immune responses, immune- and growth-related gene expression and disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Luciobarbus capito. Diets containing five concentrations of 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% RRPP were fed to fish for 60 d. The results indicated that the growth performance significantly increased in the 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% RRPP groups compared with that in the control (P < 0.05). The activities of serum lysozyme (LAZ), acid phosphatase (ACP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and total protein (TP) were significantly increased in the appropriate RRPP supplemented groups (P < 0.05). With respect to immune- and growth-related genes, such as interleukin (IL)- 1β , IL - 8 , tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)- α , interferon (IFN)- γ , growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)- I and IGF - II , up-regulation were observed in the three organs (kidney, spleen, gut) of the fish fed with RRPP, compared with the control. In contrast, the mRNA expression of IL-10 and transforming-growth factor (TGF)- β were downregulated. After challenge with A. hydrophila , the final survival rate was significantly higher in fish fed the RRPP supplement than that in the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, RRPP enhanced the growth performance, immune response and disease resistance of Luciobarbus capito , with the greatest effects at 0.2% RRPP. • RRPP enhance the growth performance of Luciobarbus capito. • RRPP provoked the expression of growth, immune-related genes in Luciobarbus capito. • RRPP enhanced the disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila. • The optimum supplemented concentration of RRPP is 0.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2) is gradually rising every year, resulting in the increasing global temperature along with thorny environmental and health issues. Up to now, considerable attention has been focused on the design and expansion of excellent heterogeneous catalysts for chemical transformation of CO 2 into high value-added chemicals. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and their hybrid materials as a rapidly developing class of porous crystalline materials have been synthesized to capture and utilize CO 2 as a carbon resource for multiple chemicals, such as cyclic carbonate, propiolic acid, oxazolidinone, benzimidazole and so on. Herein, we give a comprehensive summary of COFs and their hybrid materials for chemical transformation of CO 2 in recent five years. Meanwhile, some representative examples are highlighted and analyzed in detail. Finally, this review also discusses opportunities and challenges in the research area. This review provides COFs-based catalysts for chemical fixation of CO 2 into valued chemicals in the last five years. According to skeleton structure and composition, these COFs and their composites are well divided into four major categories: non-metallic COFs, metallic COFs, metal nanoparticle@COFs, and ionic COFs. [Display omitted] • It is a comprehensive review of COFs and their hybrid materials for chemical transformation of CO 2 in recent five years. • COFs-based catalysts are divided into four major categories for CO 2 utilization. • The opportunity, challenge, and prospect are further discussed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to elucidate the effects of copper exposure on the immune system and lipid metabolism of the Japanese scallop, Mizuhopecten yessoensis . Transcriptional levels of differentially expressed genes (DEGs)in M. yessoensis digestive gland tissue were analyzed using the deep-sequencing platform Illumina HiSeq™ 2000. In total, 841 and 877 genes were identified as significantly up- or down-regulated, respectively. In addition, significant enrichment analysis identified 3 gene ontology terms and 15 pathways involved in the response to copper exposure. Analysis of transcripts related to the immune response revealed a complex pattern of innate recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors and downstream pathway effectors, including those involved in apoptosis. Furthermore, genomic analysis revealed that genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interactions were enriched in Cu-exposed scallop glands. These results will provide a resource for subsequent gene expression studies regarding heavy metal exposure and the identification of copper-sensitive biomarkers for the aquaculture of M. yessoensis . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]