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Although the prevalence is unknown, affective disorders are more common in children with epilepsy than in healthy controls. The purpose of the present study was to examine the occurrence of anxiety in children and adolescents with epilepsy and to determine factors associated with elevation of these symptoms. Children and adolescents (n=101) between the ages of 6 and 16 years were given the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS). Mild to moderate symptoms of anxiety were reported by 23% of the patients. Based on regression analysis, factors significantly associated with increased anxiety included the presence of comorbid learning or behavioral difficulties, ethnicity, and polytherapy. Results suggest the need to monitor children and adolescents with epilepsy for affective symptoms in order to provide appropriate interventions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Parental beliefs and attitudes concerning epilepsy may significantly impact adjustment and quality of life for both the child and family. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between parental anxiety and quality of life in pediatric patients with ongoing epilepsy. Subjects were parents (n=200) of children between the ages of 6 and 16 years who had been diagnosed and treated for epilepsy for at least 1 year. Parents were given quality of life and anxiety questionnaires during the child’s clinic visit. A stepwise regression analysis suggested that severity of comorbid conditions, parental anxiety, seizure control, and number of medications were significantly associated with quality of life for these children. Parents with increased anxiety whose children had poorly controlled seizures and a comorbid disability were found to have diminished quality of life. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Elemental sulphur (32S0 detected as 32S8) is the only inorganic phytoalexin recorded, first identified as a component of resistance of Theobroma cacao to Verticillium dahliae. Here we report S0 production in another four, diverse families in response to fungal and bacterial pathogens. S0 was detected in xylem excised from infected but not control tomato and cotton to V. dahliae, tobacco and French bean to Fusarium oxysporum and tomato to Ralstonia solanacearum. Accumulation was more rapid and greater in disease resistant genotypes than in susceptible lines. No S0 was detected in strawberry challenged with V. dahliae or maize leaves with Erwinia stewartii. Furthermore, S0 was absent from leaves of six spp. undergoing hypersensitive reactions to Pseudomonas syringae pathovars. These data suggest that S0 production may be specific to xylem and does not occur in all plants. Anomalously, high constitutive levels of S0 occurred in control and hypersensitively responding leaves of Brassica oleracea, irrespective of challenge by an incompatible race of Peronospora parasitica and in uninoculated Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis showed sulphur in A. thaliana was present in all leaf cell types. S8 showed high toxicity (ED50 0.78–3.125 μg ml−1 to spore germination and germ tube growth) to isolates of V. dahliae and F. oxysporum but had no effect on bacterial pathogens or to a Phytophthora sp. Levels in tomato (10 μg g−1) and Arabidopsis (1.5–6 μg g−1) were potentially inhibitory, but in other spp. (maximum 100–250 ng g−1) were below theoretical inhibitory levels. The highly localised accumulation of other phytoalexins and of S0 in T. cacao and tomato xylem, suggest S0 is produced in sufficient amounts, at the right time and place in some interactions to contribute to resistance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Learning and behavioral concerns in children with epilepsy are reviewed and general guidelines for assessment are presented. The case of Peter is used to illustrate these issues followed by interventions that may be helpful in working with learning and behavioral difficulties in children with epilepsy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of inattentive and hyperactive–impulsive symptoms in children with newly diagnosed epilepsy, explore the course of these symptoms over time, and examine factors associated with change in these symptoms. Parents of children (n=42) were administered the Attention Deficit Disorder Evaluation Scale—Home Version (ADDES-HV) at the time of diagnosis. The ADDES-HV was readministered after the child’s seizures were controlled. Prior to initiation of anticonvulsant therapy, 31% of the children were rated as having clinically significant problems with inattention and 31% with hyperactivity–impulsivity. At follow-up, 27% had elevated symptoms of inattention and 24% had hyperactivity–impulsivity. Analysis of this change indicated that children with a normal MRI were more likely to have decreased hyperactive–impulsive behaviors following control of their seizures. Results suggest the need for assessment and monitoring of attention in children with epilepsy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective. Differentiation between the diagnoses of absence seizures and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Predominantly Inattentive Type, is frequently confounded by similarities in symptom presentation. The purpose of the present study was to determine symptoms that would distinguish between the disorders.Methods. Prior to diagnosis, parents of children with absence seizures (n=17) or ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type (n=26), were administered the Attention Deficit Disorder Evaluation Scale—Home Version (ADDES-HV). A statistical model was developed based on age, gender, race, and items from the Inattentive Scale of the ADDES-HV.Results. Two items, “does not complete homework” and “does not remain on task,” correctly classified 40 of 43 children. Children with absence seizures were rated by their parents as having a low rate of occurrence of these behaviors.Conclusion. Lack of sustained attention distinguished between the groups and was much more prevalent in children with ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]