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Hypoglycemia is a common adverse reaction to glucose-lowering treatment. Diabetes mellitus (DM) combined with recurrent nonsevere hypoglycemia (RH) can accelerate cognitive decline. Currently, the metabolic pattern changes in cognition-related brain regions caused by this combined effect of DM and RH (DR) remain unclear. In this study, we first characterized the metabolic profiles of the hippocampus in mice exposed to DR using non-targeted metabolomic platforms. Our results showed that DR induced a unique metabolic pattern in the hippocampus, and several significant differences in metabolite levels belonging to the histidine metabolism pathway were discovered. Based on these findings, in the follow-up experiment, we found that histidine treatment could attenuate the cognitive impairment and rescue the neuronal and synaptic damage induced by DR in the hippocampus, which are closely related to ameliorated mitochondrial injury. These findings provide new insights into the metabolic mechanisms of the hippocampus in the progression of DR, and l -histidine supplementation may be a potential metabolic therapy in the future. • Found novel metabolic changes of recurrent nonsevere hypoglycemia in diabetic mice. • New metabolic changes may have some impact on cognitive function in diabetic mice. • Histidine treatment may have neuroprotective effects in diabetic mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal mobilisation or immobilisation have been widely applied in situ for soil remediation. However, the consequences of the mobilisation or immobilisation amendments on soil health and heavy metal transfer are rarely compared. In this study, four mobilisation additives (EDTA, humic acid, oxalic acid and citric acid) and four immobilisation additives (calcium silicate, lime, biochar and pig manure) were applied in soils contaminated with Cd, Zn, and Pb to investigate their effects on soil microbial and nematode communities, chemical speciation of metals in Amaranthus tricolour L., and metal food chain transfer in soil-plant-insect system. We found that mobilisation amendments inhibited plant growth and EDTA reduced microbial biomass indicated by phospholipid fatty acids. In contrast, immobilisation amendments promoted plant growth. However, abundances of microbe and nematode were reduced by calcium silicate and lime, while they were substantially increased by biochar and pig manure. We also realised that the immobilisation amendments shifted the water-soluble and pectate-/protein-associated fractions to phosphate-/oxalate-associated fractions of metals in plant leaves, enhanced detoxification ability of Prodenia litura larvae, and reduced metal transfer along food chain. However, opposite changes were observed in mobilisation treatments. According to redundancy analysis, we found that the addition of biochar or pig manure improved soil health and function by reducing metal availability and increasing soil available N and P concentrations. Our results indicate that organic immobilisation amendments most effectively improve soil health and reduce metal transfer, and should be recommended for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. ga1 • The changes in soil microbial and nematode communities were nutrient-driven. • Metal transfer along food chain was associated with their chemical forms in plant. • Biochar and pig manure improved soil health and reduced metal transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ultrafine RuNPs stabilised by a phosphine oxide-modified polymer immobilized ionic liquid. • Complete selectivity for the partial reduction of aromatic and heteroaromatic nitroarenes to the corresponding N -arylhydroxylamine. • Highest initial turn over frequency to be reported for a RuNP catalysed partial reduction of nitrobenzene to N -phenylhydroxylamine. • Reduction of electron rich amino nitroarenes to the aniline proposed to occur via a quinondiimine-derived iminium. • High activity and selectivity retained over five reuses with only a minor reduction in conversion. RuNPs stabilised by a polymer immobilised ionic liquid derived from co-polymerisation of a PEG-substituted imidazolium-based styrene monomer and diphenyl(4-vinylphenyl)phosphine oxide, RuNP@O = PPh 2 -PEGPIILS, (2) is a remarkably efficient and selective catalyst for the hydrazine hydrate-mediated partial reduction of nitroarenes to the corresponding N -arylhydoxylamine. Near quantitative conversion to N -phenylhydroxylamine with > 99 % selectivity was obtained after only 2 h when the reaction was conducted at 25 °C in ethanol under an inert atmosphere using 0.1 mol% catalyst. Under these conditions, the composition-time profile showed that the reduction occurred via the direct pathway whereas reactions in air gave a mixture of azoxy-based products due to competing condensation resulting from reversible formation of N -phenylhydroxylamine. The initial TOF of 6,100 h−1 obtained after 10 min at 40 °C with 0.1 mol% 2 is among the highest to be reported for the metal nanoparticle catalysed reduction of nitrobenzene to N -phenylhydroxylamine and a significant improvement on 5 wt% Ru/C which gave a modest conversion of 21 % (initial TOF = 240 h−1) to a mixture of N -phenylhydroxylamine and aniline. A broad range of substituted N -aryl and N -heteroaryl nitroarenes were reduced to the corresponding N -arylhydroxylamine in high yield and with excellent selectivity by adjusting the reaction times. However, reduction of electron rich amino-substituted nitroarenes was extremely slow and resulted in reduction to the aniline with no evidence for the corresponding hydroxylamine. Complete reduction of amino substituted nitroarene is proposed to be facilitated by amine-assisted elimination of hydroxide from the hydroxylamine to afford a readily reducible quinondiimine-derived iminium intermediate that reacts with a surface hydride to liberate the amine. Under optimum conditions the catalyst could be reused five times for the reduction of nitrobenzene to N -phenylhydroxylamine with no detectable change in activity and only slight decrease in selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]