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Little is known about pediatric patients suffering from nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) after convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) cessation. The aim of this study was to identify in pediatric patients the clinical characteristics of NCSE after CSE cessation and the factors that contribute to patient outcomes. Data from clinical features, electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics, neuroimaging findings, treatments, and prognosis were systematically summarized, and the associations between clinical characteristics and prognosis were quantified. Thirty-eight children aged 51 days–14 years, 2 months were identified in the Chongqing Medical University pediatric intensive care unit as having experienced NCSE after CSE cessation between October 1, 2014 and April 1, 2017. All patients were comatose, 15 of whom presented subtle motor signs. The most common underlying etiology was acute central nervous system (CNS) infection. Electroencephalography (EEG) data showed that, during the NCSE period, all patients had several discrete episodes (lasting from 30 s to 6 h long), and the most common duration was 1–5 min. The ictal onset locations were classified as focal (16 patients, 42.1%), multiregional independent (10 patients, 26.3%), and generalized (12 patients, 31.6%). Wave morphologies varied during the ictal and interictal periods. Neuroimaging detected signal abnormalities in the cerebral cortex or subcortex of 33 patients with NCSE (87%), which were classified as either multifocal and consistent with extensive cortical edema (21 patients, 55.3%) or focal (12 patients, 31.6%). Twelve patients were on continuous intravenous phenobarbital, and 31 were on continuous infusion of either midazolam (27 patients) or propofol (4 patients). At least one other antiepileptic drug was prescribed for 32 patients. Three patients were on mild hypothermia therapy. The duration of NCSE lasted < 24 h for 20 patients and > 24 h for 18 patients. The mortality rate was 21.1%, and half of the surviving patients had severe neurological morbidity. Our results indicated that EEG monitoring after treatment of CSE was essential to the recognition of persistent seizures. The clinical features, EEG characteristics, and neuroimaging findings varied during the NCSE period. The morbidity is high in pediatric patients who had NCSE after CSE. Convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) duration and neuroimaging results may be related to the prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite significant progress in the treatment of myeloma, multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable hematological malignancy due to cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR) phenotype. However, data on the molecular mechanisms underlying the CAM-DR remains scanty. Here, we identified a miRNA-mRNA regulatory network in myeloma cells that are directly adherent to bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Our data showed that the BMSCs up-regulated miR-30a-5p and down-regulated BCL2L11 at both mRNA and protein level in the myeloma cells. Besides, luciferase reporter genes demonstrated direct interaction between miR-30a-5p and BCL2L11 gene. Moreover, the BMSCs activated NF-ΚB signaling pathway in myeloma cells and the NF-κB P65 was shown to directly bind the miR-30a-5p promoter region. Moreover, suppression of the miR-30a-5p or upregulation of the BCL2L11 promoted apoptosis of the myeloma cells independent of the BMSCs, thus suggesting clinical significance of miR-30a-5p inhibitor and PLBCL2L11 plasmid in CAM-DR. Together, our data demonstrated the role of P65-miR-30a-5p-BCL2L11 loop in CAM-DR myeloma cells. These findings give new insights into the role of tumor microenvironment in the treatment of patients with myeloma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The current study involved 212 CWE from some major southwestern provinces of China. • SQ was used as a mediator in an attempt to discover the relationships of some clinical characteristics with SQ and QOL. • Assessment and improvement of SQ are necessary for interventions in epilepsy. • Factors with direct or mediated effects on the QOL of CWE need more exploration. Although sleep quality (SQ) reportedly affects the health-related quality of life (QOL) of patients with epilepsy, little is known about the potential association between SQ and QOL, particularly in children with epilepsy (CWE). Our study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of SQ on the QOL of CWE to obtain more information for the prevention and treatment of epilepsy in children. We collected general demographic and clinical data of 212 CWE and 79 controls (children who visited the Health Examination Department), and their guardians were instructed to answer the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) and the optimized Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy Questionnaire-16 (QOLCE-16). The t -test, analysis of variance, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were used for between group comparisons. The Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between variables. The direct, indirect, and total effects of predictors on the QOL of CWE were estimated based on an adjusted mediation model. CWE had significantly smaller long-term urban residence rates, less educated guardians, higher total CSHQ score, higher incidence of poor SQ, higher bedtime resistance, more sleep anxiety, worse sleep-disordered breathing, increased parasomnia, more daytime sleepiness, more frequent night waking, and greater sleep onset delay than controls (P < 0.05 for all). The univariable analysis showed significant differences in total CSHQ scores between CWE with different seizure frequency in the last month, whether or not drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), and with different video electroencephalogram (VEEG) findings (P < 0.05 for all). Differences in QOLCE-16 scores between CWE with different guardian's employment status, age at diagnosis, number of anti-seizure medication (ASM) types, seizure frequency in the last month, DRE status, seizure type, VEEG findings, neuropsychological evaluation findings, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and etiology were statistically significant (P < 0.05 for all). The correlation study indicated that the total CSHQ score was negatively correlated with the QOLCE-16 score (P < 0.05). The mediation analysis showed that DRE and VEEG abnormalities had a standardized direct effect on the QOL. Seizure frequency in the last month, DRE, and VEEG abnormalities had an indirect effect on the QOL through SQ, and their mediating effect values of SQ were 31.61 %, 13.45 %, and 14.35 %, respectively. Our findings uncovered the relationship of some clinical characteristics with SQ and QOL and characterized the nature of factors affecting the QOL of CWE. SQ could be a key factor in the prognosis of CWE experiencing epileptic seizures, and more attention should be paid on the management of SQ in interventions for epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using mooring-observed horizontal velocities and temperature from July 28 to August 2, 2005, this study analyzes the temporal-vertical variation of the diagnostic vertical velocity and mass transport during passage of tropical storm Washi (2005) over the northwestern continental shelf of the South China Sea (SCS). The results show that the total vertical velocity is of the order of O (1 × 10−4) m s−1 in the mixed layer above 25 m, and of O (1 × 10−5) m s−1 in the lower layer. Dynamically, the geostrophic advection and unsteady behavior of density induced by near-inertial oscillation are dominant factors in the upper and lower layers, respectively. As tropical storm Washi (2005) passed by from July 29 to 31, 2005, the upward vertical velocity was dominant and significantly enhanced to the order of O (1 × 10−3) m s−1. The diagnosed vertical velocity in the upper layer is one order greater than the averaged Ekman pumping velocity, which occurred one day earlier. The vertical advection transport calculated from the diagnosed vertical velocity reaches O (1 × 10−5) kg s−1m−3, one order greater than that induced by turbulent mixing. Time-averaged transports by vertical advection and mixing are both upward in the layer above the thermocline during the storm passage. • Storm-induced vertical velocity and transport are diagnosed from mooring observations. • Geostrophic and unsteady components dominate variation of the vertical velocity. • Upward velocity was enhanced to O (1 × 10−3) m s−1 as storm Washi (2005) passed. • Diagnosed vertical velocity is one order larger and one day later than Ekman pumping. • Vertical advection transport of O (1 × 10−5) kg s−1 m−3 is greater than mixing diffusion flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) with low-priced, high-safety, and high synergistic efficiency have captured an ever-increasing amount of consideration and have been expected to be a promising choice to replace LIBs. However, the cathode materials of ZIBs reported have many shortcomings such as poor electron and zinc ion conductivity and complicated energy storage mechanisms. In this review, several typical cathode materials for ZIBs in recent years and their detailed energy storage mechanisms are summarized, and various improvement methods to enhance the electrochemical properties of ZIBs are briefly introduced. Eventually, the current problems and the expected development foregrounds of ZIBs are proposed. [Display omitted] Although lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have many advantages, they cannot satisfy the demands of numerous large energy storage industries owing to their high cost, low security, and low resource richness. Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) with low cost, high safety, and high synergistic efficiency have attracted an increasing amount of attention and are considered a promising choice to replace LIBs. However, the existing cathode materials for ZIBs have many shortcomings, such as poor electron and zinc ion conductivity and complex energy storage mechanisms. Thus, it is crucial to identify a cathode material with a stable structure, substantial limit, and suitability for ZIBs. In this review, several typical cathode materials for ZIBs employed in recent years and their detailed energy storage mechanisms are summarized, and various methods to enhance the electrochemical properties of ZIBs are briefly introduced. Finally, the existing problems and expected development directions of ZIBs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Carbon materials are promising anode materials for rechargeable lithium and sodium-ion batteries, due to their low cost, high capacity, and structural designability. In this work, we selected a waste biomass, garlic stem, as the carbon precursor, and we systematically investigated the effect of pyrolysis temperature and time on their battery performance. We find that 800 °C and 2 h are the best pyrolysis conditions, which leads to the optimal carbon material (800C-2H) with a large layer spacing, abundant defect sites, high surface area, and sufficient micro/meso-porous structures. Due to these favorable properties, this carbon anode exhibits an impressive performance for Lithium-ion batteries, with a very high capacity of 480 mAh g−1 and no significant capacity fading after 3000 cycles. Besides, this anode also shows promising performance for Sodium-ion batteries, where a good capacity of 151.9 mAh g−1 and reasonable cycling of 100 cycles are achievable. We also carried out in-situ X-ray diffraction and in-situ Raman spectroscopy experiments to understand the relationship between carbon microstructures and their Li-ion storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophages are the first-line host defense that the invading Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) encounters. It has been recently reported that host aerobic glycolysis was elevated post the infection by a couple of virulent mycobacterial species. However, whether this metabolic transition is required for host defense against intracellular pathogens and the underlying mechanisms remain to be further investigated. A pathogenic mycobacterial species, M. marinum , is genetically close to Mtb and was utilized in this study. Through analyzing cellular carbon metabolism of RAW 264.7 (a murine macrophage-like cell line) post M. marinum infection, a strong elevation of glycolysis was observed. Next, three glycolysis inhibitors were examined for their ability to inhibit mycobacterial proliferation inside RAW264.7 macrophages. Among them, a glucose analog, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) displayed a protective role against mycobacterial infection. Treatment with 2-DG at concentrations of 0.5 or 1 mM significantly induced autophagy and decreased the phagocytosis of M. marinum by macrophages. Moreover, 2-DG pre-treatment exerted a significantly protective effect on zebrafish larvae by limiting the proliferation of M. marinum , and such effect was correlated to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as the 2-DG pre-treatment increased the expression of TNF-α in both mouse peritoneal macrophages and zebrafish. On the contrary, the 2-DG treatment post infection did not restrain proliferation of M. marinum in WT zebrafish, and even accelerated bacterial replication in TNF-α−/− zebrafish. Together, modulation of glycolysis prior to infection boosts host immunity against M. marinum infection, indicating a potential intervention strategy to control mycobacterial infection. • Macrophages displayed an elevated glycolysis post M. marinum infection. • 2-DG reduced phagocytosis and M. marinum burden inside macrophages. • 2-DG pretreatment led to autophagy or apoptosis of RAW cells. • 2-DG pre-treatment inhibited the proliferation of M. marinum in WT zebrafish. • 2-DG accelerated M. marinum proliferation in zebrafish missing TNF-α. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, it is proved that carbon coated nanospheres structure can effectively enhance the reaction stability, the transmission speed of electrons and ionic conductivity of Sb-based materials. Due to Ni-Co-Sb/C material has the high specific surface area, low charge transfer resistance and special alloying mechanism displayed admirable electrochemical properties as anode materials for LIBs. The synthetic strategy and lithium storage mechanism may provide a new insight into the preparation of high-performance Sb-based electrode materials for LIBs. The strategy of "template sacrifice method" was proposed to synthesize well-defined NiSb/CoSb nanoparticles embedded in carbon nanosphere (Ni-Co-Sb/C, ~560 nm) by calcination treatment of the Ni-Co-MOF (metal-organic framework) precursor. Due to the structural controllability of MOF precursor and Ni/Co bimetallic synergy, the fabricated Ni-Co-Sb/C demonstrates a high surface area (88 m2 g−1) and superior ion conductivity, thus an excellent electrochemical performance as has been achieved as lithium ion battery (LIB) anode. A reversible discharge specific capacity as high as 495.1 mAh g−1 has been stably delivered after 1000 cycles at a high current density of 1.0 A g−1. In addition, the charge transfer impedance of Ni-Co-Sb/C electrode is as low as 67.6 Ω in the 30th cycle at 0.1 A g−1 and the pseudocapacitive contribution is as high as 73.8% at 0.5 mV s−1. The alloying mechanism of Ni-Co-Sb/C has been verified by in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), which enables a high lithium storage capacity. Moreover, the full-cell assembled with LiCoO 2 as cathode exhibits a steady discharge specific capacity of 354.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 even after 100 cycles. Our work provides an effective method for the application and high-capacity Sb-based material in energy storage fields, and this material is expected as a promising candidate for a novel anode material in LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The etiologies of ES onset before 3 months of age are diverse and can be genetic, genetic-structural, structural-acquired, structural-congenital, and metabolic, and unknown etiology. • Patients with ES onset before 3 months of age can manifest as relatively subtle type of ES. • Approximately 35.3% of patients also experienced other seizure types concurrently, including 10 focal seizures and 2 generalized seizures, and only half of the focal seizures had structural causes. • All patients had different degrees of psychomotor retardation, although their ES were under control. Epileptic spasms (ES) occur mostly between age 3 months and 24 months. ES beginning before 3 months of age were called early-onset ES in previous studies. The aim of this study was to identify clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics of patients with ES onset before 3 months of age. In total, 34 ES patients were retrospectively identified at Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 1, 2020 to October 1, 2022. Our patients had diverse etiologies, including genetic (32.3 %), genetic-structural (11.8 %), structural-acquired (11.8 %), structural-congenital (8.8 %), and metabolic (5.9 %), with 29.4 % of patients having unknown etiology. Some patients experienced ES in clusters (either symmetrical or flexional) that occurred most often during awakening after sleep, and a minority of ES were characterized as isolated or asymmetrical, occurred during sleep, and could also manifest as relatively subtle. Approximately 35.3 % of patients also experienced other seizure types concurrently, including 10 focal seizures and 2 generalized seizures, and only half of the focal seizures had structural causes. The other seizure types occurred alone or sequentially with ES. Interictal electroencephalography revealed hypsarrhythmia or its variants, multifocal discharge, or burst suppression. 18 patients had no seizures lasting for more than 2 months, however, at the last follow-up visit, 5 of them had relapsed. All patients had different degrees of psychomotor retardation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cold water region will occur in the east entrance area of Qiongzhou Strait when upwelling develops off the northeast coast of Hainan Island. The effect of topography on this cold water region was investigated by combining satellite observations and numerical simulations. Multi-source high-resolution remote-sensed sea surface temperature images revealed that the western periphery of the cold water region frequently occurred at a quasi-fixed location with similar jagged structure. Compared with observations, the numerical model employed in this study could satisfactorily simulate the intense tidal currents in the strait, and reasonably reproduce the jagged western periphery of the cold water region. Under strong westward tidal flow, the cold upwelling water intruded deeply into the interior strait, whereas under sustained eastward tidal currents, much stronger tidal currents occurred where there were deeper waters connecting the inner strait, therefore the cold upwelling water faded towards east faster and formed the concave parts (looking in east-to-west direction) of the western periphery of the cold water region; conversely, convex parts would develop over the adjacent shallower shoals. The eastward movement of the cold water was dominated by topography-modified tidal currents, and only after sustained eastward tidal currents (usually in the second half or near the end of the eastward tidal current phase), the western periphery of the cold water region would occur at a quasi-fixed location with similar jagged shape. Moreover, the development of the upwelling off the northeast coast of Hainan Island, which was the precondition of the cold water region, was found to be mainly driven by sustained SE ~ S winds. • The western periphery of a cold water region frequently occurred at a quasi-fixed location with similar jagged structure. • This phenomenon usually developed under sustained eastward tidal currents and sustained SE~S winds. • Topography produced a vital influence on the dynamics of this cold water region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is one of the most common types of methylation modifications in eukaryotic mRNA. However, its role in the pathogenesis of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) has not yet been reported. To enhance understanding in this regard, we assessed the m6A methylome in the aqueous humor of patients with PXG. MeRIP-Seq and RNA-Seq analyses were performed to compare the m6A methylomes and gene expression profiles of the aqueous humor of patients with PXG with those of patients with age-related cataract (ARC). Colorimetric m6A quantification was performed to detect global m6A levels. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR confirmed the expression of m6A-related enzymes and mRNAs in both groups. Results showed significantly higher aqueous humor m6A levels in the PXG group than in the ARC group. Five m6A-related enzymes, including METTL3 , YTHDC2 , HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPC, and LRPPRC, were significantly up-regulated in PXG specimens. We also observed 9728 m6A-modified peaks related to 6126 gene transcripts in the PXG group, with more than 250 genes containing one m6A peak (hypomethylated or hypermethylated). The distribution of the m6A peaks was enriched in coding sequences and 3′-untranslated regions for both groups. GGAC motif structures were also significantly enriched. Bioinformatics analysis further revealed that m6A plays a critical role in extracellular matrix formation and histone deacetylation. Additionally, MMP14 , ADAMTSL1 , FN1, and HDAC1 showed significant changes in m6A methylation and mRNA expression in the PXG group. Therefore, m6A methylation may regulate extracellular matrix composition in PXG and METTL3 may be a pivotal regulator of this process. In the future, it would be necessary to investigate MMP14 , ADAMTSL1 , FN1, and HDAC1 , which are potential target genes. • m6A levels increased in the aqueous humor of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma patients. • METTL3 levels increased in the aqueous humor of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma patients. • m6A methylation may regulate extracellular matrix composition in glaucoma. • METTL3 may be a pivotal regulator of this process. • MMP14 , ADAMTSL1 , FN1, and HDAC1 are potential target genes for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]