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• A real-time displacement measurement technique based on all-fiber Fabry–Perot interferometer. • The quadrature detection algorithm can significantly simplify the data processing process. • Two Fabry-Perot interference signals with a phase shift of π / 2 can be obtained directly. • The object displacement can be reconstructed directly by the quadrature demodulation algorithm. • The structure of the system is simple and compact. A real-time displacement reconstruction method based on an all-fiber Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI) is proposed, utilizing the fiber end face and the object surface to form an extrinsic FPI. Using the constant phase difference of 90° between the two output ports of the 2 × 2 coupler, two-phase orthogonal FPI signals carrying the object motion information can be detected by two invisible photodetectors, and real-time displacement reconstruction can be realized by adopting inverse tangent and unwrapping processing procedures. Results show that the absolute errors of the experiment are below 80 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • We reconstructed the phylogenies of Lepisorus based on nuclear markers. • All the allied small segregates are deeply nested within Lepisorus. • The cytonuclear discordance may indicate ancient hybridization events or incomplete lineage sorting. • Molecular and morphological evidence does not support the segregation of Ellipinema and × Ellipisorus from Lepisorus. The establishment of a segregate lepisoroid fern genus Ellipinema was mainly to accommodate the isolated position of Lepisorus jakonensis (Polypodiaceae) recovered in plastid gene tree. Using newly obtained nuclear data, we recovered that Ellipinema and allied genera, such as Lepidomicrosorium , Lemmaphyllum , Neolepisorus , Paragramma , Tricholepidium and Weatherbya are deeply nested within Lepisorus. The nuclear phylogeny showing incongruent phylogenetic placement in comparison with plastid results perhaps indicated ancient hybridization events. The diagnostic morphology characterizing Ellipinema – elliptic scale-like paraphyses, which is shared by all the taxa of sect. Lepisorus and sect. Hymenophyton – falls within the range of continuous variation in the type species Ellipinema jakonense (= Lepisorus jakonensis). Our study, which integrated molecular and morphological data, demonstrates that the segregation of Ellipinema and × Ellipisorus (= × Lepinema Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang, nom. illeg.) from Lepisorus should be rejected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of human hair loss has caused widespread concern, however, such research is difficult because the periodicity is not obvious and the deeper levels knowledge of dermal papilla (DP) stem cells' differentiation are limited. Here, cashmere goats which have obvious periodicity of hair follicles were used, based on unbiased scRNA sequencing, we constructed DP cell lineage differentiation trajectory and revealed the key genes, signals and functions involved in cell fate decisions. And then we revealed the molecular landscape of hair follicle on regeneration. Revealed that DP cells differentiate into four intermediate cell states at different periodicity: Intermediate-cell-10 showed important functions in the growth and maintenance of cashmere; intermediate-cell-1 acting on apoptosis and cashmere shedding; intermediate-cell-0 initiated new follicular cycles, the migration of hair follicles and the occurrence of cashmere; and intermediate-cell-15 are suggested to be DP progenitor cells. In general, we provide new insights for hair regrowth. At the same time, it provides a new research ideas, directions and molecular landscape for the mechanism of dermal papilla cells. • Reveals the intermediate state cells of dermal papilla cells during hair follicle regeneration • Depicts the evolution of cells in the intermediate state of dermal papilla cells • Explore new marker genes of dermal papilla cells and marker genes of intermediate cells • Depicts the molecular landscape and functions of intermediate cells • Provide new insights, research ideas and directions for hair regrowth and mechanism of dermal papilla cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ pegylated (PEGylated) microporous membranes have been extensively reported using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based polymers as blending additives. Alternatively, free standing PEGylated polysulfone (PSf) membranes with excellent hydrophilicity and antifouling ability were directly fabricated from polysulfone/poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PSf/PEGMA) solutions after in situ cross-linking polymerization without any treatment via vapor induced phase separation (VIPS) process for the first time. The microstructures and performances of the resulting membranes shifted regularly by adjusting exposure time of the liquid film in humid air. With increasing exposure time, plenty of worm-like networks formed and distributed on membrane surfaces, meanwhile cross-sectional morphology changed from asymmetric finger-like microporous structure to symmetric cellular-like structure, resulting in better mechanical stability. As the exposure time raised from 0 to 5 min, the surface coverage of carboxyl groups increased from ∼1.1 to 4.0 mol%, leading to the decrease in water contact angle from ∼63 to 27° and the increase in water flux from ∼110 to 512 L m −2  h −1 . In addition, at prolonged exposure time, increasing hydrophilic PEG chains migrated to membrane surfaced and repelled the adsorption and deposition of protein, resulting in better antifouling ability. The findings of this study offer a facile and high efficient strategy for flexible design and fabrication of the in situ PEGylated membranes with desirable structures and performances in large scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lady fern genus Athyrium represents one of the most diversified lineages in Athyriaceae with about 160–220 known species, and is notorious for its taxonomic difficulty. Despite progress in recent phylogenetic studies involving this genus, it still lacks a modern systematic and taxonomic update using integrative analyses of molecular and morphological evidence based on a broad species sampling. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus to date based on a total-evidence approach, covering all formerly accepted segregates within the athyrioid ferns. We sampled up to eight plastid markers and 20 morphological characters for each species. Our analyses, including maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, yield a robust phylogenetic framework. We find that Athyrium is not monophyletic by recovering Athyrium skinneri and A. alpestre nested with Anisocampium and Cornopteris respectively while Pseudocystopteris is included in Athyrium . Furthermore, eight well-resolved clades and two isolated species within Athyrium are found in the phylogenetic topology, which can be also characterized by morphological synapomorphies from traits of petioles, leaves, sori and spores. In the interest of recognizing monophyletic taxa with morphological synapomorphies, we agree with the inclusion of Pseudocystopteris in Athyrium as proposed in previous studies, but treat Anisocampium and Cornopteris as separate genera. We further propose to resurrect a monotypic Pseudathyrium to accommodate A. alpestre . Based on morphological characters and molecular phylogeny, a new infrageneric classification system of Athyrium is proposed which subdivided it into ten sections, and one New-World species A. skinneri is transferred into Anisocampium . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked incompletely dominant enzyme deficiency that results from G6PD gene mutations. Women heterozygous for G6PD mutations exhibit variation in the loss of enzyme activity but the cause of this phenotypic variation is unclear. We determined DNA methylation and X-inactivation patterns in 71 G6PD-deficient female heterozygotes and 68 G6PD non-deficient controls with the same missense mutations ( G6PD Canton c.1376G>T or Kaiping c.1388G>A) to correlate determinants with variable phenotypes. Specific CpG methylations within the G6PD promoter were significantly higher in G6PD-deficient heterozygotes than in controls. Preferential X-inactivation of the G6PD wild-type allele was determined in heterozygotes. The incidence of preferential X-inactivation was 86.2% in the deficient heterozygote group and 31.7% in the non-deficient heterozygote group. A significant negative correlation was observed between X-inactivation ratios of the wild-type allele and G6PD/6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) ratios in heterozygous G6PD Canton ( r = − 0.657, p < 0.001) or Kaiping ( r = − 0.668, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that heterozygotes with hypermethylation of specific CpG sites in the G6PD promoter and preferential X-inactivation of the wild-type allele were at risk of enzyme deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]