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Abstract: Dectin-1 plays an important role in antifungal immunity. The dectin-1 Y238X polymorphism, which results in decreased Th17 responses, is associated with increased Candida colonization of stem cell transplantation (SCT) recipients. In this study we found no impact of the polymorphism on the incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), or on disease-free and overall survival in these SCT recipients. However, patients from patient–donor pairs bearing the wild-type allele who where colonized with Candida had a significant increased incidence of acute GvHD compared to non-colonized patients (OR=2.6, P =0.04). The fact that this was not the case in patients from pairs with the Y238X polymorphism (OR=1.2, ns) suggests that despite increased colonization defective dectin-1 signaling might have prevented an impact of Candida colonization on the incidence of acute GvHD to occur. These are the first human data showing a role for Candida in the pathogenesis of acute GvHD. The mechanism could involve C-type lectin receptor mediated Th17 responses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]