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Introducation: Multi-drug resistant nosocomial infections are one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity amongst hospitalized patients throughout the world, accounting a major burden on the patients and public health system of any country Method :To determine the prevalence of aerobic bacterial in different clinical specimens received from various Intensive Care Units (MICU, SICU, CCU, PICU, and NICU) and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in the isolated organisms in a tertiary care hospital in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Result : Out of 500 samples, 213 (43%) samples showed growth while 287 (57%) did not show any growth. In the 213 positive samples 183 (85.92%) were Gram Negative bacilli while 25(1.74%) were Gram Positive Cocci and 5 (2.34%) were candida spp.Out of Gram Negative Isolates Acinetobacter Spp. was found to be maximum 35.2% followed by E.coli 19.7%, Klebsiella spp.19.2%, Pseudomonas 12.2%, Citrobacter 0.93% and Proteus Spp. 0.93%. Among Gram Positive Isolates Staphylococcus aureus was maximum 6.5% followed by Enterococcus 3.75%, CONS 0.93% and streptococcus spp.0. 46%. Candida spp. contributes 2.34% of all positive culture. Conclusion: Isolates are sensitive to combination drugs while more resistant to single drug. Among gram negative bacteria most common isolate was Acinetobacter spp. 75 (35.2%) which were resistant to most of the antibiotics like amoxycillin- clavulanic acid (83%), cefotaxime (76%), imipenem (71%), piperacillin- tazobactam (53%),cefepime (57%) while sensitive to aztreonam (64%) and cotrimoxazole (64%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: A prospective comparative study was done to see the prevalence of Dengue, Malaria and mix infections in the patients attending in tertiary care hospital during a period of March 2013- February 2014. Study also included the pattern of changing Hematological parameters during infections. Methodology: Patients suffering from fever of more than 4-5 days were investigated for Dengue, Malaria and concurrent infections. Peripheral blood smear examination was done for Malaria while Rapid card and IgM & IgG ELISA were done for Dengue. Hematological investigations- CBC, Platelet count was done by sysmex auto analyzer. Results: Total 3650 samples of suspected cases tested for Dengue and Malaria. Out of 3650 samples 934 were positive of Dengue, Malaria and mix infections. Out of 934, 105 were Malaria, 816 Dengue and 13 cases of mix infections were found. In Malaria positive cases Hematological parameters showed anaemia, thrombocytopenia and Eosinophilia while in Dengue cases thrombocytopenia was observed. Conclusion: Prevalence of Dengue is more than Malaria in Moradabad during the study period. Hematological parameters of the cases Dengue, Malaria now are changing their patterns that are a serious matter of concerned. Even mix infections are also building up in the society that's why Hematological parameters must be monitored regularly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The diagnosis of enteric fever currently depends upon the isolation of Salmonella from a patient, most commonly by blood culture. This facility is not available in many areas where the disease is endemic. The Widal agglutination test which demonstrates the presence of somatic (O) and flagellar (H) agglutinins to Salmonella in the patient's serum using O and H antigen suspension is one of the most utilized diagnostic tests for typhoid fever in developing countries. In the recent past, a rapid slide test was developed which is now the most commonly used technique in local laboratories because of its convenience. The semiquantitative slide test provides an approximation to the tube test titre. The present study was an attempt to compare the results of semi-quantitative slide agglutination with the quantitative tube method to ascertain any significant difference between two methods. Material and Methods: 300 precollected blood samples of OPD patients were collected over a period of 4 months and subjected to semi-quantitative rapid slide and quantitative tube Widal tests using commercially available Salmonella antigen test kits. Results: From the 300 samples studied, 17(5.7%) serum samples were positive by slide test method while 25(8.7%) seropositive by Tube test method. Present study shows, slight difference in the results obtained by the two methods of Widal test. Conclusion: The Tube Widal test is more sensitive and specific than slide Widal test, especially for rule out prozone phenomena, but slide Widal agglutination test is found to good alternative screening test because less time consuming, easy to perform, cost effective and can be applied in resource poor nations. There is an urgent need for the rational design and evaluation of effective and appropriate diagnostics for typhoid fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Rickettsia diseases are now established as re-emerging zoonotic bacterial infections in the Indian subcontinent. Objectives: The retrospective study was conducted to see the trends of scrub typhus with cofactors like disease & sex ratio significance and impact of seasons on the disease outcome in the Jaipur, Rajasthan. Methods: A total of 2233 samples were processed between January 2013 to November 2016 suspecting rickettsia infection with complaints of fever, rash, oedema, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and an eschar, with or without a history of tick exposure at Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan. IgM antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi antigen were tested by ELISA method. Results: A total of 2233 samples were processed from january 2013 to november 2016. Out of 2233 samples 475 samples were IgM antibody reactive by ELISA method. In 2013 positivity is 36.38% while in 2014 positivity is 24.34%. In 2015, 21.49% positivity rate while jannov16, 12.43% positvity. Females are more prone to infection then male patients specially with rural background. Maximum numbers of cases were reported from the month of August to October. Conclusions: Scrub typhus is prevalent but an underdiagnosed disease in India. The prevalence is gradually decreasing with increasing sample size every year with female patients predominence. Trends are more in late rainy season between August and October months. Rickettsia - specific IgM ab ELISA tests can help in early diagnosis & early empiric therapy which can be given to reduce serious complications and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The major objective of this study was to carry out concurrent testing of cervical swab samples with both conventional and fluorescent staining method using Giemsa stain & direct fluorescent antibody stain (DFA) respectively. The study would enable us to establish an appropriate, effective and sensitive method of diagnosis of genital chlamydial infections within the present set-up. Material & methods: The study "A Comparative Study of laboratory Diagnosis of Genital Chlamydial Infections in Women by Immunofluorescence and Conventional Staining Method" was conducted on 50 patients attending the OPD of a tertiary care hospital of Ahmedabad. Results: Out of the total 50 cases tested, four samples were found positive containing dark-purple inclusion bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis surrounding the nuclei of the host cells in Giemsa and the same were positive for elementary bodies of C. trachomatis by the DFA staining. Based on these samples, the prevalence of is 8% only. Conclusion: The present comparative study of Giemsa and DFA staining for Chlamydia trachomatis infections in females showed that both methods are equally sensitive for the detection of the microorganism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]