1. Synthesis of Bisindole Alkaloids and Their Mode of Action against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus .
- Author
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Adeniyi ET, Kruppa M, De Benedetti S, Ludwig KC, Krisilia V, Wassenberg TR, Both M, Schneider T, Müller TJJ, and Kalscheuer R
- Subjects
- Humans, Staphylococcal Infections drug therapy, Staphylococcal Infections microbiology, Cell Line, Structure-Activity Relationship, Indoles pharmacology, Indoles chemistry, Indoles chemical synthesis, Molecular Structure, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus drug effects, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents chemical synthesis, Anti-Bacterial Agents chemistry, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Indole Alkaloids pharmacology, Indole Alkaloids chemistry, Indole Alkaloids chemical synthesis
- Abstract
About 100,000 deaths are attributed annually to infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) despite concerted efforts toward vaccine development and clinical trials involving several preclinically efficacious drug candidates. This necessitates the development of alternative therapeutic options against this drug-resistant bacterial pathogen. Using the Masuda borylation-Suzuki coupling (MBSC) sequence, we previously synthesized and modified naturally occurring bisindole alkaloids, alocasin A, hyrtinadine A and scalaradine A, resulting in derivatives showing potent in vitro and in vivo antibacterial efficacy. Here, we report on a modified one-pot MBSC protocol for the synthesis of previously reported and several undescribed N -tosyl-protected bisindoles with anti-MRSA activities and moderate cytotoxicity against human monocytic and kidney cell lines. In continuation of the mode of action investigation of the previously synthesized membrane-permeabilizing hit compounds, mechanistic studies reveal that bisindoles impact the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive bacteria by promiscuously interacting with lipid II and membrane phospholipids while rapidly dissipating membrane potential. The bactericidal and lipid II-interacting lead compounds 5c and 5f might be interesting starting points for drug development in the fight against MRSA.
- Published
- 2024
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