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Bacterial contamination of yoghurt cannot be overemphasized due to it physicochemical and sensory properties that might encouraged the growth of pathogenic bacteria. This study was done to determine the sensory property, physicochemical and Bacteriological examination of yoghurt made at home for home consumption and the one made and sold in Port Harcourt metropolis by the use of general microbiological techniques. Results gotten showed that sample B (Sweetened Home-made) had the best sensory properties when assessed as 47.6%; 52.5%;47.5%;27.5%;50% 32.5% for overall acceptability, most preferred, appearance/colour, aroma, flavor and texture/viscosity respectively. Proximate composition, mineral and vitamin content revealed that sample F had the best moisture content (87.33%); sample A had the highest ash content (1.73%); sample B had the highest crude protein and carbohydrate content (6.02%; 21.36); Sample C had the highest fat content (2.27%). The result of the iron (Fe) content of the different yoghurt samples revealed that sample C had more iron content (0.777mg/100g). The sodium content was high in sample A (44.875 mg/100g) and least in sample F (1.15 mg/100g). Sample B (216.963 mg/100g) had the highest calcium content while sample B (0.0047 U.I/100g) had the highest vitamin C content as compared to vitamin A content having the highest amount in sample A (0.097 mg/100g). The total heterotrophic bacterial counts ranged from 2.20±0.63x104 to 4.65±2.19x104CFU/ml for sample E and A respectively. The Total lactobacillus count ranged from 2.34±1.94x102 to 12.28±8.76x102CFU/ml for sample A and F respectively. There was no significant difference (p≥0.05) in the total heterotrophic bacterial and lactobacillus counts between the different milk samples analyzed. Forty-four (44) bacterial isolates were identified in this study belonging to the following genera; Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. Bacillus had the highest occurrence in sample B, C, D and F (11.36%) with least occurrence in sample A and F (6.36%). Staphylococcus had the highest occurrence in sample C (9.09) with least occurrence in sample E (2.27%). Lactobacillus has the highest abundance in sample D (6.82%). This study has revealed high bacterial load, proximate, mineral and vitamin content which might allow bacteria to thrive. There is need to advocate for proper storage of the yogurt to prevent bacterial contamination.

Wildlife provides both consumptive and non-consumptive utilities to human beings around the world. Under wild animal utilization as food and medicine, some wildlife species have been overharvested. Coupled with environmental degradation affecting wildlife species in their habitats, the need to evaluate wildlife populations in Southwest Nigeria is therefore essential. Twenty-three wildlife markets along five highways in Southwest Nigeria were surveyed for two years to determine the pattern of mammalian and reptilian species occurrence; wild animal species assessed were freshly dead and roasted ones. The species named by literatures were tagged Expected while those found in the sales points were referred to as Observed. The names of species found were matched with literatures that established them. Indirect method of species of identification was questionnaire use among stakeholders of wildlife marketing (hunters, traders and farmers) selected through Systematic Random Sampling (Odd Method). This approach firstly identified the wildlife species being sold in the markets and their vernacular (Yoruba) names. These names were linked with literatures that confirmed their scientific names. Results revealed that twelve mammalian and three reptilian species were absent in all road markets. Implication of results is that mammals and reptiles which were absent in all market Roads are those whose populations have reduced in the wild. Recommendations for Government sensitisation on animals absent in the Sales Points about hunting pressure reduction through print and electronic media were first made. Conservation education among forest exploitation professionals, campaign against forest degradation and establishment of more forest reserves and National parks by Nigerian Government were made too.

Indiscriminate disposal of refuse and industrial effluents is a challenge in Nigeria. This poses a plethora of health and ecological risks from heavy metal contamination of soils. This study investigated the levels of heavy metal contamination in dumpsite soils and its effects on human health within Benin metropolis, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to determine the human and ecological risks via different exposure pathways. Soil samples were collected from three sampling stations, digested and analyzed for lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium, iron, nickel, manganese and copper using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Pollution Indices and Human health risk were estimated using appropriate formulae. Results showed that that the mean concentrations of the investigated metals in the three stations were chromium (17.12±1.00, 17.65±1.05 and, 17.24±1.05 mg/kg), nickel (37.60±7.95, 40.98±1.46 and, 41.25±0.92 mg/kg), copper (48.57±4.91, 47.76±3.66 and, 48.05±3.46 mg/kg), lead (8.2±0.22, 8.17±0.52 and, 8.25±0.16 mg/kg), manganese (94.52±4.90, 94.98±6.69 and, 95.06±4.63), iron (467.98±36.69, 464.90±22.36 and, 462.15±10.64 mg/kg), cadmium (2.30±0.16, 2.22±0.11 and, 2.22±0.10 mg/kg) and zinc (142.93±3.93, 142.29±3.41 and, 142.87±3.86 mg/kg) respectively. Human health risk assessment revealed that the highest and lowest daily intake for the ingestion, inhalation and dermal pathway for both adults and children were Zinc and lead. Daily intake for children was higher than for adults via the three pathways with lifetime cancer risk (LCR) higher for children than adults. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment shows that there were minimal risks from heavy metal contamination of the soils. Effective management and continuous monitoring of dumpsite soils is recommended to prevent negative impacts to man and the environment.

Investigations were conducted to study the effect of stem portion and number of stakes per stand on crop establishment, growth and yield of cassava variety NR 8082 in Umudike Southeastern Nigeria during the 2016/17 and 2017/18 cropping seasons. In each year, the experiment was laid out as a 3 × 3 factorial, in randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments consisted of three stem portions of different physiological ages (top, middle and basal) and three numbers of stakes per stand (1, 2 and 3). The middle and basal stem portions significantly increased percent establishment, plant height and leaf area index at 3 months after planting (MAP) but had no effect on number of storage roots per plant. The best stem portion for storage root yield was, however, the top portion which produced the highest yield on average. Number of stakes per stand did not significantly affect stem girth, number of nodes per plant and leaf area index, but the use of 1 stake per stand increased number of storage roots per plant, root weight and storage oot yield in 2017/2018 cropping season. Number of stakes per stand did not significantly influence storage root yield across the two seasons of evaluation. Interactions between stem portion and number of stakes per stand did not significantly affect storage root yield of NR 8082 high cassava variety in both cropping seasons. Based on the findings, the use of 1 stake per stand is recommended for high root yields of NR 8082 cassava variety under conditions of low soil fertility in Umudike, South East Nigeria. Although the top portion enhanced root yield, farmers could use any of the stem portions, since the middle and basal parts gave satisfactory yields and had better establishment than the former.

Tamoxifen is a non-steroidal, anti-estrogenic and selective estrogen receptor modulator commonly used as adjuvant chemotherapy in humans with breast cancer and occasionally in dogs following mastectomy. This report presents a case of cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra in a dog following oral administration of the tamoxifen. A 4-year-old intact nulliparous Boerboel bitch presented at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. It was diagnosed with mammary carcinoma of the right cranial lumbar mammary gland. Mastectomy was performed followed by oral administration of Tamoxifen (10mg daily) for six weeks as adjunct chemotherapy. Eight weeks after, the owner reported that the bitch was lethargic, anorexic and had a purulent vaginal discharge. Abdominal ultrasound revealed cystic endometrial hyperplasia. Results of complete blood counts showed neutrophilic (absolute neutrophil count = 19.5×103/L) leukocytosis (total leukocyte count = 24.9X103/L), while bacterial culture yielded moderate growth of Staphylococcus aureus, which was sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Sparfloxacin and Gentamycin. The bitch was treated with 400μg of Misoprostol and 500mg of Ciprofloxacin twice daily for two weeks. Ovariohysterectomy (OVH) was performed using a ventral midline approach when no significant improvement was observed from medical treatment. The dog improved significantly after ovariohysterectomy and was discharged one week after OVH. It was concluded that, although tamoxifen is routinely used as adjuvant chemotherapy following mastectomy, more research is required to evaluate its safety in intact bitches.

Milk and its products are needed for proper body building. Processed cheese, nunu and soy milk consumed within Abuja and Keffi metropolises were analyzed for their mineral contents. X1, Y1, Z1 represents soy milk, nunu and cheese from Abuja metropolis while X2, Y2, Z2 represents sample from Keffi metropolis respectively. Calcium (265.53±0.25 mg/mL), iron (1.19±0.92 mg/mL), potassium (162.77±0.02 mg/mL) were found to be higher in cheese milk (Z1) from Abuja than that (225.82±0.13 mg/mL, 1.05±0.60mg/mL and 130.41±0.04 mg/mL) found in Keffi (Z2) examined respectively, though the amount of sodium present (151.0±0.08 mg/mL) in cheese (Z2) from Keffi is slightly higher than that (150.08±0.01 mg/mL) from Abuja (Z1). Also, Soya milk from Abuja (X1) had highest amount of zinc (0.76±0.00 mg/mL) while that of Keffi (X2) was 0.65±0.3 mg/mL, for magnesium and copper, higher values 18.40±010 mg/mL and 0.25±0.02 mg/mL were recorded for soy milk (X2) from Keffi while soy milk from Abuja (X1) had 17.97±0.20 mg/mL and 0.16±0.01 mg/mL respectively. Chromium was dictated in both cheese samples but not dictated in soya and nunu milks from both metropolises. It is seen from the investigation that cheese had more minerals followed by soya milk. Nunu milk sample had the least quantity of minerals; also all the samples analyzed have minerals present in them. Therefore, they are needed for the proper functioning of the body system Keywords: Analysis, Concentration, Milk, Mineral, Metropolis, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Field experiment was conducted at National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Mbato Sub-station, Okigwe, Imo State, South-eastern Nigeria in the 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons to establish the most appropriate time to introduce component crops in cocoyam/cowpea mixture. Five different planting schemes (two and four weeks before, two and four weeks after and same day) and two cowpea genotypes (climbing Akidienu and erect IT97K-499-35) were used. The component crops were grown in monocultures to assess the productivity of the systems. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design with three replicates. Growth and yield of cocoyam and the cowpea genotypes increased significantly (P

The life of the Igbo children of Eastern Nigeria is surrounded by music and musical activities. The aim of this research is to survey the various levels of involvement of the Igbo children (from childhood to adolescence), in music learning and performance. The socio-cultural activities and similar occasions, on which these children’s music and musical activities rotate, were investigated. Some of the children’s music genres focus on entertainment, ordinary games, labour execution, character formation, learning (education) and so on. The benefits derived from performance of these genres are very rewarding. They range from making the children socially fit, to making them culturally, mentally and physically sound. The methods of imparting all musical knowledge vary according to age and music type. This research attempts the classification of these methods and brings to bare, their approaches and effectiveness as regards competence and excellence. Key words: Education, Igbo culture, Igbo children, Musical development, Organization, Creativity, Performance

Music composition over the years has continued to be a much dreaded course of study by so many Nigerian students of Music in tertiary institutions. Through the interview conducted in this study, it was discovered that the students’ fear of the course stems from its abstractness or rather as a result of the erroneous belief that it is a very complex area of specialization to venture into, in music pedagogy. This study is aimed at disabusing the minds of the students of music from this xenophobic wrong impression and by creating an enabling mind-set and interest in music composition through this expository study on the multimedia technology as a vital instrument in music composition. A simple observation and comparison of the old manual system of music composition/notation with the new computer-assisted multimedia system reveals that the computer-assisted multimedia method is much better in terms of facility as well as performing numerous tasks than the old system and it is therefore recommended for compositional and notational purposes. Participation, interview, observation and literature review were the research methods employed for this study.Keywords: Multimedia, Technology, Music, Composition

Background: Sickle cell disease is characterized by chronic complications that affect almost all body organs. Pancreatic disease is rare in SCD. CA 19-9 is a non-specific surrogate marker for pancreatic disease especially carcinoma. CA 19-9 levels have not been evaluated in SCD patients in our environment. Objectives: The study aimed to compare the levels of CA 19-9 in homozygous sickle cell disease subjects in steady state with those of (Hb AS) and normal healthy subjects (Hb AA) Method: Seventy nine subjects including 39 Hb SS, 19 Hb AS and 21 Hb AA subjects were recruited in a cross-sectional study in Nnamdi Azikiwe University and Teaching Hospital. Haemoglobin genotype and CA 19-9 estimation were done using Hb electrophoresis and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay respectively. Data was analyzed with IBM SPSS 21. P value was set at 0.05. Result: The mean CA 19-9 (U/ml) level in Hb SS, Hb AS and Hb AA were 13.6 ± 7.6, 15.3 ± 9.9, and 20.0 ± 15.9 respectively. [Reference value

Resistance to trypanocidal drugs or relapse of infection poses a big challenge to the effective treatment of trypanosomosis. This study investigated the efficacy and effect of multiple daily doses of diminazene aceturate (DA) in Nigerian indigenous dogs (NID) experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense (2.5 x 105). Fifteen NID of both sexes and mean weight of 9.4 0.98 kg were randomly divided into 3 equal groups. Group A dogs were infected but not treated. Groups B and C were infected with T. congolense, and treated with single and four multiple daily divided doses of 3.5 mg/kg of DA, respectively. Parasitaemia was detected in the infected dogs on day 10 post infection (pi) and treatment was instituted in Groups B and C dogs on day 17 pi. Parasitaemia was cleared on days 10 and 8 post-treatment in Groups B and C respectively. There was an increase in urea, creatinine, aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in all the groups while, alkaline phosphatase, Packed Cell Volume and Red Blood Cells count decreased. There was relapse of infection in treated groups on day 25 post-treatment. We concluded that four multiple daily divided doses of DA (3.5 mg/kg) were not effective in preventing relapse of T. congolense infection in NID.Keywords: Diminazene aceturate multiple doses; trypanosomosis; biochemical changes; dogs

Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) is a devastating protozoan disease of animal and humans caused by Trypanosoma spp. resulting in a great economic loss in the livestock industries, in the sub-Saharan Africa. A survey for canine trypanosomosis was carried out in Warri, Uvwie and Okpe Local Government Areas of Delta State, using molecular technique. A total of 110 dogs of different ages and sexes were randomly screened for trypanosome in Okpe (19), Uvwie (45) and Warri South (41) Local Government Areas of Delta State. Extracted DNA samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test using generic primers set that target the internal transcribes spacer 1 (ITS 1) (CF:5’-CCGGAAGTTCACCGATATTG-3’ and BR: 5’-TGCTGCGTTCTTCAACGAA- 3’) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The gel electrophoresis of the ITS1 PCR products of 5 samples revealed band sizes of 700 bp which corresponded with the expected band size of Trypanosoma congolense. One (5%) dog from Okpe was positive while Uvwie and Warri south recorded 2 (4.3%) and 2 (4.7%) positives, respectively. The prevalence was significantly higher in Nigerian indigenous dogs than exotic breeds of dogs. Overall prevalence was 5 (4.5%). We concluded that canine trypanosomosis is prevalent in Warri, Uvwie and Okpe Local Government Areas of Delta State.Keywords: Prevalence; molecular chacterization; trypanosomes; dogs; Warri

Among the crops grown in the tropics, sweet potato ranks second after cassava. Field research was conducted at the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, south-eastern Nigeria, to evaluate the response of orange-fleshed sweet potato varieties to intra-row spacing. Treatments included four varieties ( Umuspo 1, Umuspo 3, Ex-Igbariam and Ex-Oyunga ) and three intra – row spacings (20, 30 and 40 cm). Weed density and growth decreased, but sweetpotato leaf area index (LAI), fresh shoot biomass and storage root yield increased significantly (P

Background : The effects of vasectomy on spermatogenesis and reproductive parameters are recognized to be speciedependent with marked differences in levels of perturbations observed. Objectives : To assess the impact of unilateral vasectomy on testosterone level and other testicular parameters in the male African giant rat (AGR) (Cricetomys gambianus). Methods : Sixteen adult male AGRs weighing 500-1300 g were recruited for the experiment. Animals were randomly divided into three experimental groups (1-3) and one control (sham operated) group with four rats per group. Experimental vasectomy was done by carefully ligating the vas deferens of the right testis of all the experimental groups (1, 2, and 3) and animals were allowed either 8, 6 and 2 weeks respectively before sacrifice. Sham-operated animals served as the control. Blood samples were collected and assayed for testosterone while testicular tissue was further processed for seminal fluid and histo-pathological analyses. Results : Spermatogenic parameters indicate a pattern of decline in sperm count and motility between the experimental groups and the control and azoospermia in the eight-week group. Histological alterations were marked by atrophy of seminiferous tubules which was proportional to the duration of vasectomy. Serum testosterone levels were significantly reduced at eight weeks. There was no statistically significant difference between sperm counts of right and left testes except for group 3. Results suggest that unilateral vasectomy of the AGR may have negative impact on the contralateral testis in the male African giant rat. Conclusion : These preliminary results reveal that unilateral vasectomy in the AGR may result in perturbations of the histoarchitecture of the testes with possible decline in function. Key words : African giant rat, vasectomy, testis.

Importation of exotic cattle to improve the yield and productivity of the local 'White Fulani' breed of cattle has been on the rise in Nigeria. The problem most farmers faces with the Friesian has always been the adaptation to the weather and endemic disease conditions in Nigeria. Fungal infections represent an important complication for immunosuppressed animals and are associated with high morbidity and mortality (De Pauw and Meunier, 1999). Fusarium is one of the most important fungal genera, which includes many species that are pathogenic to plants and responsible for a broad range of diseases while others are highly mycotoxigenic (Viquez et al., ) and some cause opportunistic infections in humans and in farm animals. Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae) is an important pathogen of commercial crops such as wheat, maize, and rice. Infection with F. graminearum causes yield losses in grains and degrades their nutritive, physical and chemical qualities, resulting in their being used for animal feed rather than for human consumption (Charmley et al., 1994). A contaminated crop can be salvaged by feeding it to livestock or poultry, but further losses may be incurred due to the negative effects of mycotoxins on animal performance. Potent toxins such as the estrogenic toxin zearalenone (F-2) have been reported by Vesonder and Hesseltine, (1980) but the most common mycotoxins produced by F. graminearum are deoxynivalenol (DON, also known as vomitoxin), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and nivalenol belonging to a group of compounds known as trichothecenes (Homdork et al., 2000; Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, CAST, 2003). These mycotoxins are known to diminish feed consumption in domestic livestock, especially swine (CAST 2003). Because of their apparent tolerance for higher levels of dietary DON, Fusarium-infested grains are often fed to cattle or sheep as opportunity feeds. This may be due to little or insufficient information describing the pathogenesis and the ability of this plant pathogen to survive as they move through the gastrointestinal tract of cattle or on a compromised skin (Kedar and Gemerlyn, 2008).

Cocoyam was grown with vegetable cowpea in sole cropping and in intercropping to examine the effects of four contrasting vegetable cowpea growth habits on the productivity of the component crops in Umudike, southeastern Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments comprised all combinations of cocoyam and four cowpea cultivars (spreading Akidi ani, climbing Akidi enu, semi erect IT81D-128-14 and erect IT86F-2014-1) and sole crops of each crop. On average, intercropping reduced cocoyam corm yield by 22% in spreading Akidi ani, 25% in semi erect IT81D- 128-14 and 41% in erect IT86F-2014-1. Similarly, intercropping reduced cowpea pod yield by 21% in erect IT86F-2014-1, 22% in climbing Akidi enu and 27% in semi erect IT81D-128-14. The climbing Akidi enu had the least adverse effect on corm yield and gave high pod yield, with a high combined average land equivalent ratio (LER) of 1.8. Keywords: Cocoyam, vegetable cowpea, growth habit, productivity

Field experiments were conducted between 2003 and 2006 at Umudike, Southeastern Nigeria, to evaluate ten legume cover crops for soil fertility improvement and yam production. There were twelve treatments and consisted of ten legume species ( Mucuna pruriens utilis, Mucuna pruriens IRZ, Mucuna georgia, Mucuna veracruz, Aeschynomene histrix, Pueraria phaseoloides, Stylosanthes capitata, Chamacrista rotundifolia, Centrosema pubescens and Crotolaria ochroleuca ) in comparison with natural fallow (grass cover) and natural fallow plus inorganic fertilizer NPK Mg. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Soil organic matter content in 2004 was significantly higher with Aeschynomene histrix than with other cover crop fallows except Pueraria phaseoloides , Crotolaria ochroleuca and Mucuna georgia. Yam tuber yields, obtained after Aeschynomene histrix fallow were significantly higher than those obtained with grass cover, inorganic fertilizer and other legume cover crop fallows except Crotolaria ochroleuca, Pueraria phaseoloides, Chamacrista rotundifolia and Mucuna pruriens IRZ.

No Abstract.Nigeria Agricultural Journal Vol. 38 2007: pp. 1-11

No Abstract.Nigeria Agricultural Journal Vol. 36 2005: pp. 97-107

Polygalacturonase (PG) activity was detected in culture filtrate and Rhizoctonia-infected tissues of potato tubers ( Solanum tuberosum ). Culture produced PG formed more reducing groups that PG from diseased tissue. PG production and pH of the culture medium increased with incubation period and attained optimal values between the 4th and 6th day. The ability of Rhizoctonia bataticola to produce PG varied with the carbon and nitrogen sources in the medium; relatively large amounts of PG were produced in media supplemented with citrus pectin, sodium polypectate and potato slices as carbon sources and asparagine and D-L-_-phenylalanine as nitrogen sources. The industrial use of the enzyme to separate cellulose fibres and the maceration of vegetables are discussed. Keywords : Rhizoctonia bataticola , Solanum tuberosum , polygalacturonase, nitrogen and carbon sources. Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (4) 2007: pp. 264-268

Four West African Dwarf (WAD) rams averaging 10.5 kg of body weight and aged 16 months were used in a metabolism study to determine the intake and nutrient digestibility of potato chips fortified cassava peel poultry waste diets. Four experimental diets were formulated. They include diets A the control made up of 100% dried cassava peel, and diets B, C, and D, consisting of 80: 10: 10; 70:15:15 and 60:20:20 of dried cassava peel, dried poultry waste and dried potato chips respectively. The crude protein (%) content were 4.86, 7.50, 9.18 and 9.83, while the gross energy (MJ/kg/DM) were 1.61, 1.62, 1.64, and 1.50 and for diets A, B, C, and D respectively. The animals were assigned the test diets in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment. Weekly body weights, feed intake, dry matter intake were recorded, nutrient digestibilities were computed while a nitrogen balance study was also carried out. Results indicate that incorporating potato chips in cassava peel – poultry waste diets generally improved intake in WAD sheep. Respectively the dry matter (53.33, 58.28, 54.71, 64.34), crude protein (24.93, 46.2, 49.24, 66.60), crude fibre (31.84, 27.74, 36.38, 68.12) and gross energy (80.08, 78.51, 77.25, 74.44) digestibility values of diets A, B, C, and D differed significantly (P Journal of Applied Chemistry and Agricultural Research Vol. 7 2000-2001: pp. 69-74

This study was conducted to investigate the growth and yield performance of forage maize grown at four nitrogen (N) fertilizer level (0, 150, 300 and 450 kg/ha) and three planting densities (11, 22 and 44 plants/m2). Crop height, stem thickness and number of green leaves were decreased by increases in plant population density. However, leaf area index (LAI) and crop growth rate (CGR) were increased by increases in plant number. Thus, over 100% yield increases were obtained by sowing at 44-plants/m2 compare with 11-plant/ m2. Application of N fertilizer also significantly increased the measured plant attributes. Extra 33.5, 21.9 and 16.5kg of herbage were produced per unit of N used at 150, 300 and 450kg N/ha rates, respectively. The high dry matter yields obtained from increases in plant population were best sustained by ample supply of N to the growing crop. The implications of use of both factors as well as production of forage at this period of low farm activities within the rainy season are discussed. Journal of Applied Chemistry and Agricultural Research Vol. 5 1998: pp. 54-61

Two factorial experiments were conducted in a randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications to study the responses of vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subspecies unguiculata) to different plant dates (May, June and July in 1998 and April, May, June and July in 1999) and various nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 50 and 100 kg/ha in 1998 and 0, 25, 50 and 100 kg/ ha in 1999) at Umudike in the forest zone of south-eastern Nigeria. Delay in sowing date depressed while nitrogen application up to 100kg/ha increased the plant growth attributes of height, leaf area index and dry matter yield. Delay in sowing date from April to July significantly reduced the yields and yield components of pod and seed. Application of 50kg/ha was sufficient to produce high pod and seed yields. The implications of the findings are discussed. Journal of Applied Chemistry and Agricultural Research Vol. 7 2000-2001: pp. 95-103

Creativity and innovation is the new game plan inherent in strategic management. Only the discerning organizations can manage the changes and vagaries through the implementation of effective strategic management. This article examines the concept of strategic management and its implication for organizational effectiveness in line with the trend of globalization. African Research Review Vol. 1 (1) 2007: pp. 95-110

Studies on the effect of age on body weight parameters of twelve White Bornu (WB) goats were carried out to determine whether age affects their rate of growth (weight gain). Data were collected on weekly basis for three (3) months. Parameters measured include distance between eyes, ear length, ear width and length, tail, and body weight. The results of this study showed that age has effect on body parameters measured and that growth was fast between 0.5 to 1 years old and dropped between 1½ to 2 years of age. Key words: Age, body weight, goats, growth parameters

An outbreak of poxvirus infecting 45 turkeys of 8 weeks of age is reported. Poults were previously vaccinated against pox using fowl poX vaccine. The outbreak persisted for 5 weeks with 100% morbidity hut no mortality. The cutaneous form only existed. Turkey pox virus was isolated by propagation in chorioallantoid membrane and confirmed by reproducing the disease in susceptible turkeys. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology Vol. 7(2) 2006: 136-138

In this paper, we are motivated towards a natural problem to find classes of non-normal operators which satisfy one of the most important property of the spectrum that Reσ(T) = σ(ReT). Simple examples show that this remarkable relation does not hold for arbitrary operators. It is clear that for nilpotent operators or more generally for quasinilpotent operators, this relation fails to hold. However, if T is bounded operator and one of the following conditions holds, then the relation Reσ(T) = σ(ReT) is true: 1. T is hyponormal 2. The adjoint of T, T*, is hyponormal 3. Spectrum of T, σ(T ), is a spectral set of T 4. T has the G 1 -property and spectrum of T is connected.