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A need for meat is rising day by day and the production of poultry, cows, pigs and fisheries is reduced as there is no good commercial production. Wider livestock production is becoming unavailable on a global scale in requisites of welfare of animals, ecological sustenance and human health conditions. Choices for cultured meat are being explored using innovative techniques like stem cells, embryonic stem cells, Induced pluri potent stem cells [(iPSC) derived from skin or blood cells of an animal that have been reprogrammed back into an embryonic-like pluripotent], Totipotent stem cells [immature cells capable of giving rise to any cell type or (of a blastomere) a complete embryo], pluripotent stem cells (immature cells capable of giving rise to several different cell types), satellite cells or myoblasts, etc. In these methods, animal tissue is grown in a controlled surroundings using culture cell technology. Several attempts are made to develop different types of media and techniques like the self-organizing techniques and scaffold-based techniques to advance the growth of the cell. Cultured meat is also called in various names like 'clean meat', 'in-vitro meat', or 'artificial meat'. The concept is in the budding stage of commercialization. Therefore, along with the improvement in technical phase there is a lot of work is being carried on in the developmental aspects of biological, commercial, social, economic and ethical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Greengram based cropping sequences are followed in semi-arid parts of Karnataka, India. But, due to increasingly erratic and changing monsoon patterns under current climates the sustainability and profitability of these sequences are becoming more uncertain. Hence, a modeling study using seasonal analysis tool of DSSAT model was taken up to identify the most reliable sequence. Methods: Field experiments were carried out from 2015-2018 to calibrate and validate DSSAT model for four crop cultivars (greengram, chickpea, wheat and sorghum) under rainfed condition on deep black soils and then Sequential Analysis Tool of DSSAT model was run for 32 years (1985-2016) for three cropping sequences i.e., greengram-sorghum, greengram-wheat and greengram-chickpea. The simulated output analysis was done using yield, number of years crop failed during different seasons and the B:C ratio of each sequence. Result: Out of 32 years greengram crop, grown during kharif, failed only once whereas, during rabi season wheat, sorghum and chickpea failed seven, six and five years, respectively. Greengram-chickpea sequence recorded the highest B:C ratio (2.38) followed by greengram-sorghum (2.25) and greengram-wheat (1.76). Considering chances of crop failure and B:C ratio greengram-chickpea sequence was found to be the most reliable and remunerative system under rainfed condition of Karnataka during current climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During rabi / summer irrigation water is a scarce resource, but crop needs more water due to non-rainy season and warmer climate. Hence, a field experiment was conducted during rabi / summer season of 2016-17 to study the effect of irrigation water regimes on water use efficiency (WUE) of groundnut genotypes in Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka. Methods: This field study comprised of four main plots as water regimes viz. I1: (control) seven irrigations at 15 days interval from sowing to 105 DAS, I2: Stress at pegging stage; withdrawal of one irrigation between 45 - 60 DAS, I3: Stress at pegging and pod filling stage; withdrawal of two irrigations between 45-75 DAS, I4: Stress at pegging, pod filling and kernel development stage; withdrawal of four irrigations from 45-105 DAS and four genotypes as sub plots viz. G1: Dh-86, G2: Dh-101, G3: K-9 and G4: G2-52. Treatments were replicated thrice and laid out in split plot design. Result: Among the water regime, I2 recorded significantly higher WUE (6.2 kg ha-1 mm-1) followed by I1 (control; 5.5 kg ha-1 mm-1). Water regime I2 also recorded significantly higher pod yield and haulm yield (2,857 kg ha-1; 4,648 kg ha-1, respectively) along with other yield attributes, but was found at par with control (I1). This study showed that WUE as well as yield of rabi / summer groundnut can be enhanced if crop was exposed only to mild stress by skipping an irrigation at pegging stage out of total seven irrigations. Among the genotypes, Dh-86 with 2,375 kg ha-1 of pod yield performed significantly better over others like Dh-101 (2,215 kg ha-1), K-9 (2,048 kg ha-1) and G2-52 (1,880 kg ha-1) suggesting differential response to moisture stress, thus choice of moisture stress tolerant genotypes is equally important to enhance WUE. Interaction between irrigation regime and genotypes showed that Dh-86 (G1) with I2 irrigation regime recorded significantly higher WUE (6.9 kg ha-1 mm-1), pod yield (3,168 kg ha-1) and net return (Rs. 95,655 ha-1) and was found at par with full irrigation regime (I1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among the traditional dairy products, burfi is the most popular khoa based confection in Indian subcontinent. Burfi has special importance in different functions like birthday, anniversary, wedding, etc. Consumers in India are becoming more health conscious and demand for healthier food because of rise in disposable income, educational level and awareness of nutrition. In wedding ceremony, now a days, besan burfi is famous instead of laddoos because of nutrition in pulses. Therefore, black gram can be also used in burfi due to it is rich in protein and having best results against many diseases in humans. Methods: Burfi was prepared from milk with constant level of sugar (30 per cent by weight of khoa) and different levels of black gram flour (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent by weight of khoa). Properly blending khoa and sugar with black gram flour on low flame and then cut into pieces after setting. Result: The overall acceptability score for treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 8.27, 8.38, 8.51, 8.03 and 7.64 respectively. Burfi sample was evaluated for storage study conducted at room (30±2°C) temperature and refrigerated (7±2°C) temperature conditions. The cost of production of burfi with black gram powder was Rs. 255.38, Rs. 252.45, Rs. 249.62, Rs. 246.90 and Rs. 244.28 per kg for treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. Background: Among the traditional dairy products, burfi is the most popular khoa based confection in Indian subcontinent. Burfi has special importance in different functions like birthday, anniversary, wedding, etc. Consumers in India are becoming more health conscious and demand for healthier food because of rise in disposable income, educational level and awareness of nutrition. In wedding ceremony, now a days, besan burfi is famous instead of laddoos because of nutrition in pulses. Therefore, black gram can be also used in burfi due to it is rich in protein and having best results against many diseases in humans. Methods: Burfi was prepared from milk with constant level of sugar (30 per cent by weight of khoa) and different levels of black gram flour (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent by weight of khoa). Properly blending khoa and sugar with black gram flour on low flame and then cut into pieces after setting. Result: The overall acceptability score for treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 8.27, 8.38, 8.51, 8.03 and 7.64 respectively. Burfi sample was evaluated for storage study conducted at room (30±2°C) temperature and refrigerated (7±2°C) temperature conditions. The cost of production of burfi with black gram powder was Rs. 255.38, Rs. 252.45, Rs. 249.62, Rs. 246.90 and Rs. 244.28 per kg for treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rise in temperature and expected changes in erratic rainfall patterns projected under future climates are going to affect the performance and productivity of most crops, especially under rainfed condition. But, extent of adverse effect would vary from location to location and crop to crop. Greengram is an important Kharif season crop of Northern Transition Zone (NTZ) of Karnataka mainly grown under rainfed conditions. Methods: Calibrated and validated DSSAT-CROPGRO model was used to study response of greengram to climate change in NTZ of Karnataka. A combination of three temperature (control, +1°C and +2°C) and three rainfall (control, -10% and -20%) scenarios resulting nine combinations were used to simulate phenology, yield and total biomass using weather data for the period of 32 years (1985-2016). Result: Model based seasonal analysis showed that the greengram is more sensitive to change in rainfall than temperature. Rise in temperature by 1-2°C, reduced days to physiological maturity by 2 to 3 days and yield by 1.7 to 3.5%. On the contrary, reduction in 20% rainfall alone reduced grain yield and total biomass by 9.5% and 10.48%, respectively. Combined effect of reduced rainfall (-20%) and elevated temperature (2°C) resulted in 16.36 and 21.16% reduction in grain yield and total biomass, respectively. This indicates that, rainfall plays greater role on kharif greengram yield in NTZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Groundnut crop grown during Rabi / summer experiences moisture stress, thus irrigation is must. However, water for irrigation gets scarce during summer month hence it becomes important to choose stress tolerant varieties and optimize irrigation schedule without compromising the yield. Methods: A field experiment with four rabi / summer groundnut genotypes (G1: Dh-86, G2: Dh-101, G3: K-9 and G4: G2-52) exposed to four irrigation regimes (I1: 7 irrigations at 15 days interval from sowing to 105 DAS as control, I2: withdrawal of one irrigation between 45-60 DAS i.e., pegging stage, I3: withdrawal of two irrigations between 45-75 DAS i.e., at pegging and pod filling stage, I4: withdrawal of four irrigations from 45-105 DAS i.e., at pegging, pod filling and kernel development stage) was carried out from December to April of 2016-17 on black cotton soils at AICRP on Groundnut UAS, Dharwad. Result: Among the genotypes tested, Dh-86 recorded significantly higher pod yield (2,376 kg ha-1) followed by Dh-101 (2,215 kg ha-1) and K-9 (2,048 kg ha-1), whereas G2-52 gave the lowest yield (1,880 kg ha-1) and all of them performed well at I1 and I2 irrigation regimes. Among different water regimes, I1 (i.e., control) recorded significantly taller plants, higher LAI, more branches and higher dry matter at harvest as compared to other irrigation regimes, hence it also recorded significantly higher pod yield and haulm yield (2,870 and 4,691 kg ha-1, respectively), but was found at par with I2, i.e., crop stressed only at pegging stage (2,858 and 4,648 kg ha-1, respectively). This suggests that, at the most, one irrigation can be skipped at pegging stage without compromising on yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out to know the response of organic, integrated and conventional farming systems on the diversity of soil meso and macro arthropod populations in the cotton inter cropped with groundnut and pigeonpea at MARS, UAS, Dharwad during kharif -2015-16. The organic farming system has recorded highest meso and macro arthropod population of 21.35 per 100 g of soil and 42.00 per pitfall trap respectively. Cotton intercropped with groundnut has recorded higher population of meso and macro arthropods (15.50 /100 g of soil and 41.26/ pitfall trap, respectively). The seasonal abundance of soil arthropods was high in October (25.89/100g of soil) and least in December (5.78/ 100g of soil) months. The diversity of soil arthropod populations assessed on the Shannon's index of below ground arthropod populations recorded was highest in organic farming (0.61) and least in conventional farming (0.51) system. Hence, the organic farming system increases abundance and diversity of soil organisms and soil fertility, and it adds large amounts of organic residue inputs, which in turn increases the biological activity in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment using cv. Taiwan was 786 laid out in factorial completely randomized design with thirty treatments and three replications was, carried out at Laboratory of Horticulture Section, College of Agriculture, Dhule (M.S.) during 2017. The experiment comprised of three factors viz. two maturity stages (25% mature and 50% mature), dipping them in aqueous solutions of spermine (1.0 mM and 2.0 mM) and calcium lactate (1% and 2%) for 5 minutes and drying for 30 minutes at room temperature, three packaging materials (newspaper, shrink film and polyethylene bags) were used. Results indicated a significant impact of interaction among maturity stages, spermine and calcium lactate and packaging material on all parameters included in the study. When considered interaction, twenty five percent mature fruits dipped in (2.0 mM) spermine with shrink packaging had the minimum physiological loss in weight. This treatment also recorded the maximum peel to pulp ratio, fruit firmness. The maximum shelf life of 16 days without sacrificing organoleptic quality by manipulating the time of harvesting, packaging and application of spermine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt was made to predict the relative storability of seeds of soybean varieties (JS-335 and DSB-21) through accelerated ageing technique in comparison with that of natural ageing where both the varieties had similar initial germination (93 %). The seeds were subjected to accelerated ageing conditions at 41 oC temperature and 95 ± 5 per cent relative humidity up to 180 hours. While, for natural ageing, the seeds were packed in cloth bag with the initial moisture of 9.5 per cent and stored under ambient conditions. The experimental results revealed that with the subsequent increase in accelerated ageing duration from 24 hours onwards up to 180 hours, the seed quality parameters viz., seed germination percentage, mean germination time, seedling vigour index and dehydrogenase enzyme activity decreased significantly. While the electrical conductivity increased significantly. When the accelerated ageing results were compared with that of natural ageing, accelerated ageing for 132 hours (67 % germination) was nearly equal to nine months of natural ageing (69 % germination) in case of JS-335 whereas in DSB-21, 144 hours of accelerated ageing (70 % germination) was equal to nine months of natural ageing (70 % germination). Hence, the accelerated ageing test can be used to predict the relative storability of soybean seeds. Hence, the seed producers can take decision regarding which seed lot can be stored for longer time and which one should be immediately sold to the market without any compromise in seed quality. It also helps in taking other management decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA molecular markers analysis of Spodoptera litura larvae population from seven major soybean growing regions of India revealed, populations from Hyderabad and Indore, shared cent per cent similarity, Pune and Parbhani populations showed 90 per cent similarity, Adilabad population shared 83 per cent similarity with both Hyderabad and Indore populations, while Dharwad and Belagavi populations showed 72 per cent similarity. The lowest genetic similarity value was observed between Dharwad and Parbhani populations (46%). It is clear from the similarity analysis more than 46 per cent similarity between populations of the S. litura from major soybean growing states, demonstrate mediocre genetic differences between the populations. Though much genetic diversity was not observed between S. litura populations, topological and temporal factors perhaps influenced the existed diversity among the populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenotypic stability was studied for seed yield and their component characters in fifty five genotypes of gum cluster bean under four environments during summer and Kharif 2014 at two locations. The environment + (genotypes x environment) was highly significant for all the characters indicating distinct nature of environments and the effects due to environments (linear) was highly significant for all the characters. The partitioning of G x E interaction indicated that the linear components of G x E interaction were significant against pooled deviation for all the traits except number of dry pods per plant and seed yield per hectare and the non linear component (pooled deviation) was also highly significant for all the traits except number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per dry pod and gum content in seed. Based on stability parameters and over all mean, five genotypes viz., IC-421834, IC-421839, IC-421815, IC-324032, and IC-421798 were stable in performance for seed yield per hectare. The genotypes IC-421830 and IC-421840 were most stable for the gum content in seed. Similarly, the genotypes IC-421830 was found to be stable with respect to protein percentage in seed. The genotypes IC-298638 was found to be stable across environments for higher gum yield per hectare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mango fruit Cv. Kesar were exposed to ethylene gas (100 ppm) for 12, 18 and 24h in fruit ripening chamber (29.4 - 31.9°C. with 65-84 % R.H.) and the untreated fruit was kept at ambient temperature (26-30°C with 54-62% R.H.). The fruits were then removed from the ripening chamber at the end of exposure period, packed in corrugated fibreboard boxes and then kept at ambient condition to study the ripening behaviour. In ethephon dip treatments, the mango fruits were treated with ethephon at the concentration of 500,750 and 1000 ppm for five minutes, drained, packed in corrugated fibreboard boxes and then kept at ambient condition. It was found that mango Cv. Kesar exposed to the ethylene gas in the ripening chamber and ethephon dip treatment triggered the ripening process. It was observed that mango fruits Cv. Kesar ripened by exposing them to 100 ppm ethylene gas in ripening chamber for 18 hrs and storage at ambient condition recorded the maximum shelf life of 6 days and showed better results in respect of high overall acceptability score of 8.77. Similarly, mango fruits Cv. Kesar ripened by ethephon dip treatment of 750 ppm for 5 minutes and storage at ambient condition recorded the maximum shelf life of 8 days and showed better results in respect of high overall acceptability score of 8.66, respectively. The cost of ripening chamber for 800 kg fruits on per day interest and ethylene gas was considered for calculating the cost of ripening. The cost was found to be Rs 0.69 per kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiments were carried out at Department of Horticulture, Dr. PDKV, Akola and Regional Research Centre, Amravati during the years 2013-14 and 2014-15. Fifty five genotypes of cluster bean were assessed for genetic divergence using Mahalanobis D2 technique. Among the characters studied in all four environmental conditions, gum content in seed (63.50%), plant spread (17.17%), number of primary branches per plant (4.65%), days to first flower (3.77%), hundred seed weight (2.09%), days to 50 % flowering(1.95%), seed to husk ratio (1.68%) and ten dry pod weight (1.35%) contributed 95 percent to the total divergence. Genotypes were grouped into 8 clusters using Tocher's method. Cluster V was the largest group, involving 17 genotypes followed by twelve genotypes were grouped in cluster IV, eleven genotypes in cluster III and six genotype each in cluster I and II. The remaining solitary clusters (VI, VII and VIII) contained only one genotype each. The genotypes from the solitary clusters showed high divergence and useful in breeding. The intra-cluster distance ranged from 0 to 9.15. Cluster V possessed the highest intra-cluster distance (D2=9.15), followed by cluster IV (D2=6.34), cluster III (D2=4.71), cluster II (D2=3.31), and cluster I (D2=2.65). The clusters comprised of only one genotype had zero intra-cluster distance (cluster VI to VIII). The average inter-cluster distance reveled the maximum divergence(D2) between cluster V and VIII (D2=37.26) followed by cluster III and V (D2=29.92), cluster VI and VIII (D2=25.51). On the basis of inter cluster distance and performance observed in the present study a breeding programme involving genotypes for a specific character has been selected using cluster mean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Custard apple, a tropical fruit, is underutilized because of its poor storability. Researchers have worked on various aspects for improving the storage life of fruits; still its storage life is limited to few days. So to counteract this, an experiment was conducted to study the effect of modified atmosphere packaging using three different kinds of films along with low temperature storage at 8, 12 and 15 °C and observations were recorded at weekly interval. The study indicated an increasing trend in the respiration rate and ethylene production rate as well, and the rate increased with increase in storage temperature and duration. The physiological loss in weight in packed fruits showed a drastic reduction. Titratable acidity increased as storage duration while ascorbic acid shown exact reverse trend. There was significant increase in reducing sugar and total sugar as duration increased but rate was low in 8° C fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was undertaken with object of studying the standard procedure of preparation of kheer from buffalo milk blended with soy milk and studied for its sensory properties. Kheer was prepared from buffalo milk with constant level of sugar (8 per cent by volume of the milk) and different levels of soy milk asT2 (90:10), T3 (80:20) and T4 (70:30) and compared with control sample T1 (100:00) for its sensory properties. The sensory score for overall acceptability of soy kheer of treatments T1 T2, T3 and T4 were 8.53, 8.25, 8.7.46 and 6.40, respectively. It was observed thatKheer prepared by using 20 per cent soy milk secured highest score for overall acceptability (8.25) followed by control sample (8.53) ranked between like very much to like extremely. Blending of soy milk beyond 10 per cent in the blend scored towards lower side by panel of judges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kheer was prepared from buffalo milk with constant level of sugar (8 per cent by volume of the milk) and different levels of soy milk asT1, (100:00), T2, (90:10). T3, (80:20) and T4 (80:30). It was observed that proximate analysis of the product indicated the increase trend of moisture and protein and titrable acidity contents as the proportion of soy milk increased in the blend. Fat, total sugar, total solids and ash contents of the kheer decreased with addition of soy milk in the blend. The cost of production of soy kheer for treatments T1 T2, T3, and T4 were Rs. 81.04, 76.54, 73.16 and 69.27. respectively. The production cost of treatment T4 (69.27) was comparatively less than treatment T1 (81.04), T2 (76.54) and T3 (73.16). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of two cooling systems with a low-cost Fan-Fogger (FF) and the conventional Fan- Pad (FP) system was tested to reduce the effect of heat stress in broiler chicks. Four hundred eighty, day-old sexed commercial broiler chicks were randomly divided into twelve groups each having forty birds with similar body weight range and equal sex ratio. All the chicks were reared under similar brooding conditions for two weeks. The FF and FP systems were used for four groups of chicks each from third to six week of age. All chicks were reared under deep litter system of housing with similar managemental conditions except the cooling systems. The average body weight of chicks at the start of experiment was 280g. The temperature in control, FF & FP during the experimental period of 4 weeks was 32.18 ± 0.11, 30.22 ± 0.85 and 29.40 ± 0.09 °C with relative humidity of 39.21 ± 0.09, 44.65 ± 0.14 and 48.91± 0.10%, respectively. The body temperatures of birds in FF and FP were recorded to be 107.2 ± 0.18 and 106.9 ± 0.04ºF respectively, as compared to108.2 ± 0.13°F, in birds of control. The weight gain was 1101± 1.00, 1241± 1.50 and 1320 ± 1.49 g; the FCR was 2.23 ± 0.01, 2.08 ± 0.01 and 2.03 ± 0.02 while the PER was 2.37 ± 0.01, 2.55 ± 0.02and 2.61 ± 0.01 in control, FF & FP, respectively. The survivability rate was 95.04 ± 0.56% in control, 96.78 ± 0.62% in FF and 98.23± 0.42% in FP, respectively. It was concluded that both the cooling systems had significant (p < 0.05) effect on the comfort and production efficiency of broiler chicks during hot-dry season. The fan-pad system was found to be more efficient than fan-fogger system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation was carried out at Soil and Water Management Research Unit Farm, N.A.U., Navsari during rabi season of 2008-09 to study the feasibility of using banana pseudostem sap as liquid fertilizer in onion under drip irrigation Banana speudostem sap is rich in nutrients and having growth promoting substances, its judicious utilization in crop production enhances crop yield with very less input costs. Due to various treatments yield of onion bulbs produced from 80 % RDF along with sap @2000 l/ha under drip irrigation. In case of nutrient content and uptake, 100 % RDF with sap @2000 l/ha gave highest values which were followed by 80% RDF + sap @ 1500 l/ha. These treatments produced higher nutrient availability in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to assess the long term effects of fertilizers and FYM on physical properties and crop productivity after 19th cycle of sorghum-wheat cropping sequence in a Vertisol. The combined use of inorganic fertilizers (100 % NPK) along with FYM @ 10 t ha-1 significantly improved the bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, available water capacity, water stable aggregates and coefficient of linear extensibility of soil and yield of crops. Total productivity (sorghum + wheat) was found to be positively correlated with these properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The somatic hybrid derivatives of tomato developed at the Department of Horticulture were needed to be evaluated for beta carotene content by advanced method such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) over traditional method i.e. open column chromatography (OCC). The different tomato cultivars including eight orange fruited and five traditional red fruited cultivars were evaluated for beta carotene content during kharif season. The data revealed that, while estimating beta carotene content by two methods, open column chromatography (OCC) recorded higher mean beta carotene content (3.20 mg/100g) than HPLC method (2.27 mg/100g) among various tomato cultivars. In orange fruited tomato cultivars, the mean beta carotene content was estimated to be 5.38 mg/100g by OCC while 3.78 mg/100g by HPLC method. Similarly in traditional red fruited tomato cultivars, the mean beta carotene content was estimated to be 1.01 mg/100g by OCC while 0.76 mg/100g by HPLC method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]