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Your search keyword '"[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics]"' showing total 10 results
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10 results on '"[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics]"'

1. Influence of microroughness on emissivity

Author

Faouzi Ghmari, Marine Laroche, Jean-Jacques Greffet, Rémi Carminati, Taoufik Ghbara, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Laboratoire d'Énergétique Moléculaire et Macroscopique, Combustion (EM2C), CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), and Laroche, Marine

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Materials science, Geometrical optics, business.industry, General Physics and Astronomy, Near and far field, 02 engineering and technology, Molar absorptivity, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Electromagnetic radiation, Radiation properties, 010309 optics, Ray tracing (physics), Wavelength, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Emissivity, 0210 nano-technology, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

In this paper we revisit the absorption and thermal emission of electromagnetic radiation by a rough surface. We use a numerical simulation of the absorptivity of a grating to explore the validity of the ray tracing approach. We show that it often predicts correctly the absorptivity and emissivity of a surface with characteristic lengths on the order of a wavelength. Recent advances in the understanding of the microscopic mechanism of thermal emission in the near field are used to discuss the data and to explain this surprising result. We also identify three different regimes depending on the ratio of the period to the wavelength: the homogenization regime, the resonance regime, and the geometrical optics regime.

Published
2004

2. Control over a phase state of the laser plume ablated by femtosecond laser: Spatial pulse shaping

Author

Barry Luther-Davies, Andrei Rode, Boris N. Chichkov, Thorsten Bauer, Eugene G Gamaly, J. Koch, Olivier Uteza, Vesselin Z Kolev, Frank Korte, LPC, RSPHYSSE-ANU, Laboratoire Lasers, Plasmas et Procédés photoniques (LP3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V. (LZH), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Uteza, Olivier

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Materials science, Aperture, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Pulsed laser deposition, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Atomic Physics, Thin film, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 010302 applied physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Laser ablation, business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Pulse shaping, humanities, Plume, Femtosecond, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

The conditions for the formation of a fully atomized laser-ablated plume using subpicosecond laser pulses have been studied theoretically and implemented experimentally. It is shown that the low-intensity wings, which generally exist in the spatial distribution of laser intensity in the focal plane and can contain a substantial part of the incident laser energy, are responsible for low-threshold phase transformations of the target and this is the major source of particulates in the ablated plume. By truncating these wings with a simple aperture and positioning the target in the image plane of that aperture, particulates can be eliminated from the plume. This is demonstrated in experiments on deposition of Si films using the truncated beam in combination with the proper choice of laser fluence. This results in an almost totally atomized plume and consequently in droplet-free deposition of thin films.

Published
2004

3. Coupling between molecular rotations and OH⋯O motions in liquid water: Theory and experiment

Author

Guilhem Gallot, Savo Bratos, Stanislas Pommeret, J-Cl. Leicknam, Wafa Amir, N. Lascoux, G. M. Gale, M. Koziński, Laboratoire d'optique et biosciences (LOB), École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Théorique des Liquides (LPTL), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Chimie Moléculaire (SCM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Roura, Denis

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Coupling, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], 010304 chemical physics, Liquid water, Chemistry, business.industry, Infrared, Isotropy, General Physics and Astronomy, Infrared spectroscopy, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Optical pumping, Optics, Correlation function, 0103 physical sciences, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, business, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

International audience; A new theory is proposed to describe spectral effects of the coupling between molecular rotations and OH⋯O motions in liquid water. The correlation function approach is employed together with a special type of development in which the coupling energy of these two motions is the expansion parameter. The isotropy of the liquid medium plays an essential role in this study. Based on this theory, a new infrared pump-probe experiment is described permitting a visualization of molecular rotations at subpicosecond time scales. Full curves relating the mean squared rotational angle and time, and not only the rotational relaxation time, are measured by this experiment. However, very short times where the incident pulses overlap must be avoided in this analysis. The lifetime of OH⋯O bonds in water is rotation-limited. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Published
2002

4. Tomographic measurement of femtosecond-laser induced stress changes in optical fibers

Author

Francis Hindle, Marc Douay, Hans G. Limberger, Rene-Paul Salathe, F. Dürr, C. Przygodzki, Eric Fertein, Chaumont-Souvraz, Lyliane, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
"femtosecond-laser", [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], optical fibers, Optical fiber, Materials science, genetic structures, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Medical Physics, femtosecond-laser, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Stress (mechanics), 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Optics, Residual stress, law, "optical fibers, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Fiber, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, Laser, Core (optical fiber), Tomographic, Femtosecond, [OFD], Tomographic", sense organs, business, Refractive index
Abstract

The tomographic measurement of the residual stress profile in femtosecond-laser irradiated standard SMF-28 germanium-doped telecommunication fiber is demonstrated. The fiber is irradiated with weakly focused pulses to realize long-period fiber gratings. In the irradiated grating regions, an asymmetrical increase in axial core stress up to 6.2 kg/mm2 is found. The increase in stress is attributed to a densification of the irradiated glass matrix. The stress-induced anisotropic index distribution is calculated and related to the absolute index change in the irradiated regions.

Published
2004

5. Influence of the hole population on the transient reflectivity signal of annealed low-temperature-grown GaAs

Author

Antigoni Alexandrou, V. Ortiz, Julien Nagle, Roura, Denis, Thales Research and Technology, THALES [France], Laboratoire d'optique et biosciences (LOB), and École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], education.field_of_study, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Condensed matter physics, Annealing (metallurgy), Band gap, business.industry, Population, Infrared spectroscopy, Reflectivity, Gallium arsenide, Renormalization, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Optoelectronics, Carrier dynamics, education, business
Abstract

International audience; We study the influence of the carrier dynamics on the transient reflectivity of low-temperature-grown GaAs samples. We report a precise modeling of the recorded reflectivity data, which exhibit multiexponential decays and changes in sign, using a standard point defect model and taking into account the effects of the band filling, band gap renormalization, and trap absorption. We show that the valence-band hole population plays an important role in the behavior of the signals, and that it must be taken into account in order to optimize low-temperature-grown GaAs-based devices. Cop. 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Published
2002

6. Photopumped infrared vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser

Author

Noel Magnea, J.L. Pautrat, Emmanuel Hadji, Joël Bleuse, Silicon Nanoelectronics Photonics and Structures (SiNaps), PHotonique, ELectronique et Ingénierie QuantiqueS (PHELIQS), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs (NPSC), and HADJI, Emmanuel

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Materials science, [SPI.OPTI] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), [SPI.NANO] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, 02 engineering and technology, [SPI.MAT] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, law.invention, Semiconductor laser theory, Optical pumping, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Power density, 010302 applied physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, [SPI.ELEC] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, Bragg's law, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Distributed Bragg reflector, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS] Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], [SPI.TRON] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electronics, [SPI.TRON]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electronics, [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Molecular beam epitaxy
Abstract

The feasibility of a photopumped infrared vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser (VCSEL) based on CdHgTe alloys is demonstrated. The structure of the VCSEL consists of a 16.5‐period Cd0.4Hg0.6Te/Cd0.75Hg0.25Te bottom Bragg reflector and a 3λ/4 thick Cd0.75Hg0.25Te cavity, containing a 100‐nm‐thick well, grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The top mirror is a 7‐period YF3/ZnS dielectric stack. The cavity quality factor is Q=350. This heterostructure VCSEL operates at 3.06 μm with a measured power density threshold of 45 kW/cm2 at 10 K.

Published
1996

7. Interface engineering for improved light transmittance through photonic crystal flat lenses

Author

Frédérique de Fornel, Olivier Vanbésien, Colette Dumas, Maxence Hofman, Boris Gralak, Geoffroy Scherrer, Wojciech Smigaj, X. Melique, Didier Lippens, Benoit Cluzel, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne ( LICB ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN) - UMR 8520 ( IEMN ), Ecole Centrale de Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du nunérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis ( UVHC ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut FRESNEL ( FRESNEL ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), FANI, ANR : FANI,FANI, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (LICB), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut FRESNEL (FRESNEL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), ANR-07-NANO-0038,FANI,Focalisation et Adressage pour la Nanophotonique Intégrée(2007), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gralak, Boris, and Nanosciences et nanotechnologies - Focalisation et Adressage pour la Nanophotonique Intégrée - - FANI2007 - ANR-07-NANO-0038 - NANO - VALID

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Materials science, Superlens, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Impedance matching, Physics::Optics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, 010309 optics, Optics, Negative refraction, 0103 physical sciences, Transmittance, 010306 general physics, Diffraction grating, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Photonic crystal, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Interface engineering, business.industry, Photonic integrated circuit, Microstructured optical fiber, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Optoelectronics, business, Microphotonics, Realization (systems)
Abstract

In this paper, we present photonic crystal flat lenses with interfaces engineered to improve the light transmittance thanks to a broad angles impedance matching. The interface engineering consists in the realization of antireflection gratings on the edges of the lenses which are designed to reduce the propagative waves reflectivity over a wide range of incident angles. The fabricated structures were measured in optical near-field and a four times enhancement of the light transmission efficiency is reported.

Published
2010

8. Opening the light extraction cone of high index substrates with plasmonic gratings: Light emitting diode applications

Author

J. S. Bouillard, Thomas W. Ebbesen, Aurélien Drezet, Anatoly V. Zayats, A. Z. Zayats, Luis Martín-Moreno, E. Laux, I. S. Spevak, Frédéric Przybilla, Cyriaque Genet, A. Yu. Nikitin, Oussama Mahboub, Institut de Science et d'ingénierie supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), school of mathematics and physics, Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), and Drezet, Aurelien

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Physics::Optics, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Optics, law, Light cone, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Diffraction grating, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Plasmon, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Total internal reflection, business.industry, Light extraction in LEDs, Surface plasmon, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Light-emitting diode
Abstract

The opening of the light extraction cone of a high index substrate (GaP) is demonstrated using plasmonic gratings. We show that the excitation of surface plasmons on the metal grating leads to the extraction of light otherwise undergoing total internal reflection in the substrate with high efficiency. This effect has an immediate application in the context of light emitting diodes, where resonant metal gratings are promising for the design of dual purpose electric contact/extraction structures.

Published
2009

9. Excitation and focusing of terahertz surface plasmons using a grating coupler with elliptically curved grooves

Author

Jean-Louis Coutaz, Alexander P. Shkurinov, D. Armand, Maxim Nazarov, Gwenaël Gaborit, Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique - Laboratoire d'Hyperfréquences et Caractérisation (IMEP-LAHC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Michelin, Isabelle, and Domenget, Chahla

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Diffraction, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Terahertz radiation, [SPI.NANO] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Substrate (electronics), Grating, Engraving, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Optics, [PHYS.COND.CM-GEN] Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Other [cond-mat.other], 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, Diffraction grating, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, Surface plasmon, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, [PHYS.COND.CM-GEN]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Other [cond-mat.other], visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Excitation
Abstract

Using a diffraction grating with elliptically curved grooves engraved at the top of an aluminum slab, surface plasmons in the terahertz frequency range are efficiently excited with an incoming parallel beam and focused over the metal surface down to the diffraction limit. At 0.5 THz, the lateral confinement of the surface plasmon is 1 mm while its extension in air is 0.74 mm, much smaller than the calculated value for a semi-infinite substrate having the conductivity of bulk aluminum.

Published
2009

10. Midinfrared luminescence properties and laser potentials of Pr3+ doped KPb2Cl5 and CsCdBr3

Author

Matias Velázquez, Jean-Louis Doualan, Alban Ferrier, Richard Moncorgé, Centre de recherche sur les Ions, les MAtériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP - UMR 6252), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU), French-German Research Institute of Saint Louis (ISL), French-German Research Institute of Saint Louis, Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (IRMA), Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Brassy, Chantal, and Normandie Université (NU)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Photoluminescence, Absorption spectroscopy, Chemistry, Phonon, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Infrared spectroscopy, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Radiative transfer, Emission spectrum, Atomic physics, 0210 nano-technology, Luminescence, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

International audience; The paper presents the spectroscopic and the fluorescence properties of the Pr3+ doped low-energy phonon and nonhygroscopic chloride and bromide single crystals KPb2Cl5 and CsCdBr3. Room temperature absorption spectra have been registered and analyzed, by using standard as well as modified versions of the Judd-Ofelt formalism, to derive the values for the radiative lifetimes and the branching ratios of the various emission transitions in both compounds. Low temperature absorption and emission spectra have been registered and exploited to derive the detailed positions of the Pr3+ energy levels in KPb2Cl5. These experimental values have been confronted to and completed by calculated ones obtained by using a standard crystal-field procedure. These data, combined with results of fluorescence decays and emission spectra measurements, then have been used to determine the emission and gain cross sections of the main midinfrared ﴾mid-IR﴿ emission transitions of interest in these materials. Finally, the different mid-IR transitions have been discussed for the two crystals in order to determine their laser potentials.

Published
2008

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