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Current invasive phlebotomy based blood-hemoglobin-level (BHL) measurement methods have a relatively high level of risk for daily personal use. Phlebotomy is a traumatic procedure with a relatively high risk of diseases, failure, and cost. Researchers globally have agreed that the spectrophotometric method has great potential for mitigating the risk, but researchers have yet to agree on using which wavelength for non-invasive blood hemoglobin level measurement optical device (NI-BHL-MOD). The objective is to survey the wavelength for NI-BHL-MOD and compared it to self-observation. The research team have obtained research articles in the last 25 years from journals and proceedings indexing services such as Scopus, Medline, and Google Scholar. The light wavelength is categorized based on its wavelength value. The research team have listed the 22 different wavelengths that other researchers have used for blood hemoglobin level measurement. The research team have described several example research that other researchers have done. The research team also have incorporated human skin optical properties considerations that may interfere with NI-BHL-MOD. The research team also have incorporated self-observation on blood hemoglobin level control (Lypocheck Assayed Biochemistry) using Ultraviolet to Visible Spectrophotometer to understand the wavelength response further. Each wavelength has its potential to be used for NI-BHL-MOD, and Research team shall confirm them with in-vitro blood hemoglobin level test in future research.

We demonstrate the first In0.53Ga0.47As/InP p‐doped quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP). This detector has the shortest wavelength response, λp=2.7 μm, ever achieved in a QWIP and operates at normal incidence.

Metal stripe waveguides in silica, operating in the fundamental long-range mode and at optical free-space wavelengths near 1550nm, are discussed in detail. Straight and curved waveguides having various stripe geometries are modeled. Au, Ag, and Al are compared as metals for the stripe. The wavelength response of waveguides is computed. The impact of index asymmetry is determined and discussed. The results generated and collected herein should be useful to the design of low-loss metal stripe waveguides for integrated plasmonic applications in silica and cladding materials of comparable index.

Ga1−xInxAs alloys in the composition range 0≤x≥0.52 and band‐gap (Eg) range of 1.38 to 0.74 eV were activated with Cs and O2. Samples of different carrier concentrations were investigated. For band gaps down to about 0.8 eV, the photothreshold was equal to the band gap. The longest wavelength threshold determined was 1.58 μm. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the longest wavelength response yet achieved for photoemission into vacuum from a III‐V compound. The surface escape probability, B, was derived from the quantum yield data for each sample. The B‐vs‐Eg data were analyzed according to a surface escape model which includes the effects of (i) a finite‐width initial energy distribution of photoexcited carriers, (ii) the bent‐band region and (iii) various types of surface potential barriers. Surface escape probability data pertaining to a single doping density could be explained by a model that includes only a work‐function barrier or simple step potential. However, in order to explain the dat...

For photoconductors in which the dominant noise is generation‐recombination noise, it is shown that the signal‐to‐noise ratio is proportional to expβEi/2kTD, where Ei is the threshold response of the photoconductor, TD is its temperature, and β is a constant between unity and one‐half. If longer wavelength response is desired (smaller Ei) without sacrificing signal‐to‐noise ratio, this can only be achieved by lowering TD. Similarly, for any given Ei, the generation‐recombination noise can be reduced to an arbitrarily low level by lowering TD sufficiently. Expressions are obtained for the optimum value of Ei under typical operating conditions.

We report In1−xGaxAsyP1−y/InP photodiode detectors with external quantum efficiencies of 50–70% without antireflection coating. The short‐ and long‐wavelength response limits of these very efficient detectors can be compositionally tuned to lie anywhere in the wavelength range 0.9

Barium ferrite media have created a lot of interest for digital and analog applications because of their potential to achieve high recording densities. To fully exploit this potential, it is necessary to develop media with good perpendicular orientation and to employ high saturation narrow gap heads. It is possible, however, to obtain very good recording performance utilizing Ba‐ferrite media which are nonoriented or only partially oriented and ordinary ferrite heads for high‐density digital recording applications. In this study, we investigated the performance of such media in rigid disk form using conventional and narrower gap ferrite heads, and obtained much better short wavelength response than that obtained from high‐coercivity cobalt‐modified iron oxide media. The overwrite modulation of these media, however, is only marginally acceptable. The modulation noise observed is much larger for longitudinally oriented than for perpendicularly oriented media. A simple model is proposed to explain the origin...