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The article presents the results of investigation of the variability of biochemical parameters of seeds and green beans of vegetable cowpea accessions (Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.) introduced for use in breeding. Variations of biochemical parameters of seed quality and green beans (such as protein, fat, ash content, fiber, NFES) were established. New data on the fractional composition of proteins (albumins, globulins, prolamins, glutelins) from seeds and green beans were obtained. These data are of great importance for the evaluation of the starting material and the formation of a breeding program and the selection of rational strategies of individual selection from the source populations.

Results of the breeding of a winter triticale for improved bread-making qualities are reported. The importance of the creation of the cultivars with a balanced fractional composition of protein complex is demonstrated. It is revealed that the multiline Raritet, Amos, and Markiyan cultivars of the winter triticale produce the grain with stably high quality of gluten, dough, and bread. Considering the final bread volume and the general valorimetric and bread-making evaluations, these cultivars meet the requirements applicable to hard and prime hard wheats.

Comparative evaluation of modern and old pea varieties according to technological properties of grains was conducted. Cluster analysis with respect to fractional composition of grains was performed. Methods of evaluation of selection materials with large grains were improved. Before groat production, it was proposed to use an additional sieve with holes of 5 mm for segregation of grains into fractions.

Molecular weight distribution of humic and fulvic acid preparations extracted from podzolic, peaty podzolic weakly gleyed, and arable soils is investigated. The effect of the agricultural use of soils on the fractional composition of humic compounds is assessed.

The coking properties of coal pitch depend significantly on its fractional composition, which determines the set of structural components involved in meso-phase formation. The optimal combination of high-molecular aromatic compounds, polycyclic compounds of intermediate molecular mass, and hydrogen-donor hydroaromatic components corresponds to a ratio of pitch fractions α: β: γ = 1: 2: 2. This is typical of coal pitch with a softening temperature of 75–85°C. Such pitch is the best clinkering additive to coking batch, resulting in the production of coke of maximum strength.

A gas-droplet flow generated by a pneumatic injector with internal mixing is studied by optical methods. The fractional composition and the spatial distribution of liquid droplets for different fractions are measured, as well as the mean velocity field.

The carbonization of low-ash lignite in a fluidized bed at 650–800°C is considered. The dependence of the basic process parameters on the air flow rate, the coal consumption, and the fractional composition of the coal is investigated. The characteristics of lignite coke obtained by the TERMOKOKS-KS process are presented.

Simulation confirms literature data regarding the higher yield of light fractions (density ρ ⩽ 1.28–1.30 g/cm3) from reduced coal than from slightly reduced coal. The predominance of light fractions with an elevated hydrogen content in the coal’s organic mass facilitates the formation of physicochemical properties associated with high degrees of reduction. The degree of reduction is related to the content of such fractions in the coal. This is evidently the case for a whole range of caustobioliths and is especially pronounced for oil, whose value is directly related to the content of light fractions (ρ ⩽ 0.84–0.87 g/cm3).

The morphology of the surface and fracture of highly porous materials obtained during the thermal destruction of metalorganic mixtures (MOM) was investigated. The size and shape of pore channels in the finished product were shown to be determined through the fractional composition and the particle shape in MOMs. The effect of the porosity on the permeability and strength of sintered materials was considered. The permeability was demonstrated to depend not only on the value, but also on the shape of pore channels. Combining the techniques of powder metallurgy with chemical-metallurgical processes allows us to obtain materials with a porosity of 70–80% and a strength of no less than 5–25 MPa. If the pore size was from 10 to 100 µm, the permeability of materials was (in 10−12 m2) 1–3 for Mo, 0.5–6 for Mo-Ni, and 2–6 for Ti-Mo.

The composition of humus in leached chernozems differs from that in gleyed podzolized chernozem-like soils in the northern forest-steppe zone of European Russia. Leached chernozems have the fulvate-humate humus. Gleyed podzolized chernozem-like soils have the humate-fulvate humus. A more aggressive composition of humus in the latter soils is caused by their overwetting and the development of gley processes under conditions of a stagnant-percolative soil water regime.

Chemical properties and some parameters of the humus status of agro-stratozems developed in Leningrad oblast from different parent materials and with different histories of agricultural use were studied. The stability of the elemental composition of humus in the studied soils was found. The group and fractional composition of humus was more sensitive to agricultural impacts. In response to the application of manure, lime, and mineral fertilizers, humate-fulvate humus changed into fulvate-humate humus and the content of the agronomically most valuable HA-2 fraction increased, in some cases, to predominance. Exclusion from land use for 15 years decreased the humus content and changed its composition; it became more similar to that in zonal soddy-podzolic soils, which are the natural analogues of the agro-stratozems studied.

Changes in the humus status of acid brown forest soils used for tea growing have been studied in a long-term stationary experiment after 20 years of the application of mineral fertilizers in increasing doses. It is shown that long-term tea growing has resulted in a reliable increase in the humus content within the upper cultivated horizon (Ap, 0–40 cm) at the expense of the nonhydrolyzable fraction of humus (humin) and the first fractions of humic and fulvic acids. The fractional composition of humus has changed against the background of a stable fulvate type of humus (Cha/Cfa < 0.5). The portion of the first fraction of humic and fulvic acids in the total amount of humus has increased, as well as the portion of the first fraction of humic acids in the total amount of humic acids. These changes are due to the enhanced humification of plant residues with a parallel decrease in the contents of the second (Ca-bound) and third (bound with clay and stable sesquioxides) fractions of humic substances.

Protein fractions of milk of Black Pied and Simmental cow breeds are separated by the ionexchange chromatography method. Interbreed difference in the fractional composition of milk protein is established, which agrees well with the data of scientists who used other protein fractionating methods. Seasonal differences in the content of protein fractions are revealed.