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Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) play a particularly important role in Emergency Departments (ED), during the administration of anesthesia in the operating room, in post-operative and monitored wards of various specialties, in cases when the patient requires access to the vein due to intensive and varied intravenous therapy. Using short peripheral intravenous catheters carries a high risk of complications, despite their prevalence and staff experience. Patients with DIVA require a comprehensive approach not only during elective (scheduled) intravenous therapy, but also in the aforementioned departments and during emergency interventions in case of deterioration in Non-Intensive-Care-Units. Emergency intravenous access is required for the implementation of many procedures, so it is reasonable to introduce methods that increase the safety and quality of therapy. Midline catheters (MCs) are becoming increas¬ingly popular in Poland. However, based on our experience, they are not the optimal solution in every situation. “Mini-midlines” can be clinically useful in patients with DIVA whose therapy is expected to exceed 5 days. They may be applied in patients who require a secure and rapid insertion of the cannula into the vein and greater fluid flow than via a classic MC. Regardless of the equipment used, the ultrasound-guided mini-midline implantation procedure is simple and quick. Based on available research and experience at our centres, we follow a management regimen for patients who arrive in the ED, have no intravenous access and the team is faced with the clinical dilemma of choosing which cannulation method should be used. Proper patient enrollment and subsequent cannula maintenance increases the quality of care and patient satisfaction. It is advisable to introduce local protocols for selecting appropriate intravenous access and to run prospective studies regarding the topic under discussion.

Aim: The present paper attempts to find the risk factors for hypotension suffered by patients in the postoperative period taking into account the following aspects: gender, type of anaesthesia, ASA score, type of surgery, and time after surgery when it is likely to be at its lowest. Material and methods: The main method used in the study was to analyze the medical records regarding patient data in the perioperative period. Patients had their mean arterial pressure (MAP) measured and documented in the Intensive Care Chart. Information on the type of surgery and choice of anesthesia was obtained from the Anaesthesia Records. Eighty patients participated in the study. Results: There was no clear correlation between the gender of the patients and the decrease in blood pressure. Hypotonia occurred in the 8th hour after surgery in both men and women in the study group. It was observed that in subjects under 80 years of age, hypotonia occurs mainly in the 8th hour after the procedure, while in older subjects – after 12 hours following surgery. The type of procedure affects the occurrence of hypotonia. In patients undergoing general and epidural anaesthesia, the highest decreases in mean arterial pressure values were observed 8 hours after surgery compared to other methods of anaesthesia. The ASA classification proved useful in predicting the incidence of hypotonia; in Class 4 patients, it was pronounced and persisted for 12 hours after surgery. Conclusions: It cannot be conclusively stated which factors most influence the occurrence of hypotension in patients after surgery.

Objective Introduction: Medical marijuana is used in many diseases. There are not many studies on society's knowledge about use of medical cannabis. This study aimed to check the level of knowledge about aspects of medical cannabis among students of medical and medical emergency degree courses. Authors emphasize the need of knowledge about law regulations, composition, properties or contraindications of medical cannabis among students of medical universities, as they are fundamental resource of information for patients and any other person who is not included in medical world. Patients and methods Material and methods: An original questionnaire containing 29 questions was created. There were 311 randomly selected students from medicine (N=52), nursing (N=117), midwifery (N=66), paramedicine (N=54) and dietetics (N=22). Results of the study were evaluated with help of statistical test ANOVA and student t-test. The Bioethical Committee at the Medical University of Warsaw took note of the information about the study and issued a statement with reference number AKBE/35/2020. Results Results: The correctness of answers among students was on the average level of 24.06%. In the survey, the highest percentage of correct answers was characteristic for medicalstudents, achieving about 35.0% effectiveness, then medical emergency students answered correctly in 26.9%, nursing - 23.7%, obstetrics - 21.5%, dietetics - 13.2%. Among all groups, the answer was "I don't know": medical students - 44.0% of all answers, emergency medical services - 53.2%, nursing - 56.2% obstetrics - 62.4%, dietetics - 73.9%. The value of correct answers was assessed as statically valid in the ANOVA test; at the significance level p = 0.05 (F-ratio: 11.32004; p = 0.0001). In the t-student test, it was proved that the ANOVA test result relates to the variance of responses between all study groups except dietetics. Conclusion Conclusions: The level of knowledge of medical students is insufficient to inform patients about possibility of using medical marijuana in their diseases. The low level of knowledge is conditioned by little time at the university devoted to medical marijuana. Education of students about medical marijuana should be increased.