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Breast milk is the best source of nutrients and provides much better protection than immune modified milk. In the United States around 500 000 cases of mental disorders affecting pregnant women are diagnosed each year. It is estimated that approximately 1/3 of these women need psychotropic drugs in a period of breast-feeding. Despite the serious consequences of depression and its well-known effect on a newborn, the women are still reluctant to begin pharmacological treatment. The fear of side effects unfortunately still plays an important role in making such a decision. It has been proved that all psychiatric drugs can transfer into breast milk, but their levels are very low or even negligible for the newborn. Most laboratory tests do not reveal an adequate sensitivity to detect these low concentrations. One have to remember that in case of any disturbing symptoms which may result from the use of these drugs, the only procedure is to discontinue breastfeeding immediately. The knowledge of these effects of particular groups of psychotropic drugs in breast-feeding mothers is essential for every practitioner. This knowledge should also be available not only to psychiatrists, but gynecologists and pediatricians as well. For this reason, it seems to be reasonable to summarize the results of previously published studies dealing with the topic., (© 2015 MEDPRESS.)

Alexithymia leads to an inability to recognize and identity feelings, use of language to describe the feelings and the inability to distinguish between emotions and bodily symptoms. Is treated as a stable personality trait, which along with other personality factors predispose to presence a variety of mental and physical diseases. Alexithymia is considered to be a personality trait which together with other environmental factors predispose to worsening of somatic diseases and may contribute to the emergence of mental disorders. The direction of this dependence is not exactly known for heterogeneity alexythymia etiology, and therefore requires further studies.

Unlabelled: In recent years, the research for the relation between depression and obesity is the basis of many studies. Interest in this subject results from the continuous increase in the incidence of both diseases and complications thereof, which constitute a serious social and economic problem. The aim of the study is to establish the dependence between depressive disorders and BMI., Material and Methods: One hundred twenty three patients aged 18-67 years with a diagnosis of depressive episode (F32) and recurrent depressive disorder (F33.0-F33.8) were used in the study. 21 items Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS21) was used to evaluate intensification of depressive disorders. Appraisal of psychiatric conditions with HDRS21 was performed twice: at the beginning of the study and after receiving the response on pharmacotherapy (averagely after 8 weeks)., Results: No relation between depressive disorders and BMI has been observed., Conclusions: Study did not demonstrated explicit link between BMI value and increase in depressive disorders. Considering the complexity of this problem, another studies should be carried out.

Unlabelled: Suicide is the act of a fatal outcome. People who think about suicide perceive death as a way to avoid problems. Suicide attempts by children and young people likely to arise from the fact that the identified single or co-occurring mental disorders., The Aim of Study: was to illustrate the suicide problem, which is increasingly frequent attempts to take their own life for children and youth. Its main objective is to determine the prevalence and determinants of suicide attempts made by young people., Material and Methods: The study group consisted of patients Babinski Hospital in Lodz. The study included 18 patients, 9 boys and 9 girls. Research methodology is based on the stories of young patients diseases. In order to verify the prevalence of trial and / or thoughts, suicidal tendencies among children and adolescents, was used as a research,tool - a survey of its own design. The survey consists of 21 questions about basic information on the state of social, physical and mental patients., Results: Subjective verification made disseminate ideas, trends and / or suicide attempts among children and adolescents in most reflects the actual collection of information gathered by various authors., Conclusions: Children coming from families reconstructed and largely incomplete exhibit suicidal behavior. The main risk factors indicating the attempt on his own life are mental disorders: depression and behavioral disorders. Family situation of young people: conflicts between the father and the mother, violence, physical / mental, has a significant effect on the risk of an attempt on his own life. Superficial self-mutilation, is the main way to make a suicide bombing.

Unlabelled: Homosexuality, though more than 20 years no longer exists in the classification of diseases as a deviation, it is still by many people seen as such behavior. The aim of the study was to assess the situation and psychosocial attitudes in the group of homosexual men., Material and Methods: The study involved a group of 187 men aged 20-54 years. The study population was characterized by hiding homosexual orientation, lack of a permanent partner for more than half of them and the tendency to avoid safe sex and taking a passive role in intimate contact. In the study a questionnaire prepared by the authors was used., Results and Conclusions: Most respondents hid his homosexuality from others, and over half of them do not have a permanent partner. Representatives of the study group, in most cases do not prefer safe sex and in intimate contact acted as passive.

The problem of addiction to psychoactive substances (SPA) is an important aspect of modem psychiatric treatment. This is due to the increasing number of addicts, and reducing their increasing age. It is estimated that in the United States in 2006, people aged over 12 years of meeting criteria for dependence on SPA was 20-25 million. Other statistics report that in the same age group over the last year contact with these substances were 8-10 percent of the U.S. population. Therefore, it becomes an important issue the appropriate therapeutic treatment of addicts. The result of the search of drugs that help people to alcoholism treatment program, were studies involving trazodone. Counted among the SARI (serotonin reuptake inhibitor and antagonist), shows antagonism to serotonergic receptors (5-HT2 receptors), while an inhibitor of serotonin reuptake. Its performance was analyzed in individuals dependent on alcohol, benzodiazepines and opiates, as well as mixed addictions. Also raised the problem of influence of trazodone on the experience of pain, which maybe helpful in relieving withdrawal symptoms. The data show a positive effect of trazodone in individuals addicted to the SPA, although the mechanism by which trazodone works in the body is very complex and not yet fully understood. Its advantage is the relatively small panel of side effects. Although many of the analyzed studies were not placebo-controlled, the results are so promising that you can recommend on the basis of trazodone therapy in individuals addicted to the SPA.

Unlabelled: The aim of the study was an evaluation of memory process course efficacy in healthy subjects (n = 37), patients with schizophrenia (n = 44), patients with depressive disorders (n = 58) and patients with organic mood disorder (n = 33)., Material and Methods: A sample of 172 persons aged 18-55 years participated in the study. Cognitive functions were evaluated by the auditory-verbal learning test by Łuria (AVLT)., Results: The best results in the first trail (M = 5,84, SD = 1,38) and after 30 minutes (M = 8,92, SD = 1,23), were obtained by healthy subjects, while the lowest scores were noted for the subjects with organic mood disorder (M = 4,67, SD = 1,24 and M = 5,85, SD = 2,56). Patients suffering from depressive disorders: M = 5,01 (SD = 1,39) and M = 6,68, (SD = 2,21). Patients suffering from schizophrenia: M = 4,84 (SD = 1,52) and M = 6,18 (SD = 2,16). Relevant statistical differences among healthy subjects and mentally ill patients and lack of any relevant differences among mentally ill patients were observed. Sten norms of AVTL were developed for general population., Conclusions: Healthy subject achieved higher results in AVLT than patients suffering from schizophrenia, depressive disorders and organic mood disorders. Any relevant differences among mentally ill patients were observed. Sten norms of AVTL were developed for general population.

Unlabelled: Diabetes is a chronic disease that leads to several complications. In this group patient with impaired cognitive functioning were determined., The Aim of the Study: To evaluate the effectiveness of working memory and executive functions in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes., Material and Methods: Study included 68 people (men n=42; 61.76%) aged 18-55 years. Subjects were divided into 2 groups: group 1--healthy (n=37; n=19 males, 51.35%; mean age = 31.52 years; SD = 9.30) and group 2--treated for type 2 diabetes (n=31; male n=23, 74.2%; mean age = 46.74 years; SD = 7.88). The study used the Card Sorting Test performance in Wisconsin (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-WCST), designed to assess the effectiveness of working memory and executive functions. Results. Statistically significant differences between the two groups in the Card Sorting Test performance in Wisconsin were observed., Conclusions: Patients with type 2 diabetes achieve poorer results in the Card Sorting Test performance in Wisconsin compared to healthy subjects. The obtained results suggest the weakening of the effectiveness of working memory and executive functions in patients with insulin-independent diabetes.

An act of psychological profession and psychologists' self-governing council on June 8th 2001 has been in effect since January 1st 2006. It cannot be forgotten, that the psychologists have not only entitlement but also responsibilities. Among above-mentioned we can number: duty of patient's agreement obtaining, duty of official secret, duty of period of special training, duty of information about going out of psychological profession, duty of professional training and duty of membership in professional autonomy.

Unlabelled: Depressive disorders in the elderly are an important medical and social problem. Age is one of the risk factors of depression, which, apart from dementia, is the most frequent mental disorder after the age of 65., The Aim of This Study: To assess mood in respect of the presence of depressive disorders in the elderly depending on their life activity, for example participation in Third Age University classes. The authors also decided to assess general life-satisfaction of Third Age University students comparing to the control group., Material and Methods: 200 respondents (aged 60 to 85), living in tLdi were enrolled in the study. The study group was comprised of 100 students of the II Third Age University, aged 60 to 85. The control group was comprised of 100 not associated with Third Age University, randomly selected citizens of t6di. The following tools were used in the study: Beck Depression Inventory and Socio-demographic questionnaire., Results: Depressive symptoms were less frequent among Third Age University students comparing to the control group. Life satisfaction of Third Age University students was higher comparing to seniors of the control group. CONCLUSIONS. Third Age Universities as a form of activity for the elderly satisfy many needs of the elderly. They allow to find new environment and forget about loneliness, old age, and every form of activity in this age is the source of health, gratification and life satisfaction.

Unlabelled: The burnout syndrome is a complex of symptoms which are related to psychological, behavioral and physiological man's functioning. Recently, the spread of a burnout syndrome significantly increases. As Polish examinations show it is a serious danger among nurses and doctors., The Aim of the Study: To estimate the presence and the level of the burnout syndrome intensity among nurses and doctors. The second aim was to confirm the connections between symptoms of a burnout syndrome and the internal locus of control. Material and methods. 55 doctors and 53 nurses who worked full-time in hospitals in tbdi and in Social Assistance House were examined. Questionnaire of burnout syndrome Ch. Maslach (MBI) and Questionnaire of Locus of control--I-E Scale W. Gliszczyńska were used., Results: Among doctors and nurses all three factors of burnout syndrome were presented: emotional exhaustion (WE), low level of personal satisfaction from work (ZA) and depersonalization (DP). Nurses in comparison to doctors have a higher level of the emotional exhaustion, a lower level of an involvement in work and a lower level of an internal locus of control., Conclusions: Executed research supplied the proofs which confirmed a view that the burnout syndrome is most popular among nurses and doctors. Our results indicate that the burnout syndrome escalates among nurses in comparison to doctors and its influence of work functioning is essential.

Unlabelled: Diabetes is a metabolic condition of various aetiology. It is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with the disorder of metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and proteins as a result of giving off defects and/or working insulin. Cognitive functions are these psychological functions which the human needs in order to be knowledgeable about surroundings, to get the information about oneself and your body, to analyse the situations, to formulate conclusions, to take right decisions or to function. The aim of the study was to find the answer to the question about character of diabetes' influence on cognitive functions of patients and to examine cognitive differences between all diabetic patients and patients with brain damages., Material and Methods: The group of 95 people was individually examined. People who took part in the investigation (aged from 18 to 55) were divided into three groups: patients with type 1 diabetes (n=31), patients with type 2 diabetes (n=31) and patients with brain damage (n=33). In the research were used several neuropsychological methods., Results: Relevant statistical differences among examined group were observed., Conclusions: All diabetic patients achieved higher results in psychological test than people with brain injury.