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During pregnancy, anatomical and functional changes occur in all organs and systems of the body. The family doctor evaluates the morphofunctional changes in the reno-urinary system throughout the pregnancy. These morphological and functional changes often have no clinical expression. Morphofunctional changes in the reno-urinary system cause changes in laboratory tests results and are the basis for the appearance of urinary tract symptoms. The family doctor has an important role in assessing the pregnant woman, and in diagnosing renal pathology early. Although the pregnant woman has an increased risk of developing various urinary tract diseases, frequently, under active monitoring and conservative treatment, the evolution can be favorable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity represents a risk factor concerning the severity and frequency of asthma attacks. A number of obesity-related factors contribute to the increased risk and severity of asthma. The relationship between obesity and asthma derives from a complex interaction of biological, physiological and environmental factors. Some of these factors are causes for increased the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection forms. Encouraging weight loss strategies, through a change in lifestyle, a balanced diet, as well as combating a sedentary lifestyle, is an essential stage of asthma management within the family doctor's field. Further studies are needed to further develop the strategy regarding the comorbidity of obesity – asthm – -SARS-CoV-2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is characterized by progressive and broadly predictable changes that are associated with increased susceptibility to many diseases. The process of prescribing medication is complex and includes: deciding whether a drug is indicated, choosing the best drug, determining a dose and an appropriate schedule for the patient's physiologic status, monitoring the effectiveness and toxicity, educating the patient about expected side effects, and indications for seeking consultation. More than half of adults over the age of 65 consulted in primary care use at least 5 medications. The risk of drug interactions and side effects is increased by augmenting the number of drugs used, as well as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Applying the Beers criteria to elderly patients decreases the risk of drug interactions and side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melasma is a chronic skin condition, characterized by irregular brown spots, symmetrically distributed over the sun's exposed areas of the body, especially on the face. Although generally a "cosmetic" problem, melasma can significantly affect the quality of life of patients. Its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood, as several possible triggers are proposed. Next, we will address certain aspects of melasma, according to the current research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin B12 deficiency (cobalamin) is a common cause of megaloblastic anemia, with various neuropsychiatric symptoms. The prevalence is not known with certainty, but the incidence seems to increase with age. The diagnosis is usually based on the identification of a low serum level of vitamin B12 with clinical evidence of deficiency and with a good response to vitamin B12 replacement therapy. When confirming the diagnosis, consideration should be given to the etiology that may be due to nutritional deficiency, malabsorption and other gastrointestinal causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulite mainly affects the female sex, being an aesthetic burden. Although initially it was considered a problem only from an aesthetic point of view, it is now considered the predisposition to develop systemic diseases depending on the cellulite fence. Cellulite develops rapidly during adolescence, during pregnancy or during menopause. The treatment can be cumbersome and raises problems, including from the point of view of the final results, making visible the lack of thorough studies in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condylomata acuminata during pregnancy represents genital, perineal and perianal hyperplasia as a result of infection with human papillomavirus during pregnancy. Candida vulvovaginitis is a symptomatic vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina and / or vulva) caused by Candida infection, with 10% of women being asymptomatic. These diseases present some particularities and therapeutical problems during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both scabies and Lyme disease are infectious diseases requiring increased attention when they occur in pregnancy. Acquisition, clinical presentation and course during gestation can be modified due to a disruption of maternal cell immunity. Pharmacological therapy may be harmful to the mother and / or the fetus, and specific considerations are needed in the management of these conditions. It is necessary to address these infectious diseases distinctly in the case of pregnant women, balancing the risks and benefits of the available treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scabies is a global burden, affecting people regardless of gender, ethnicity, or social class. In some areas of the globe, there are epidemic outbreaks that are favored by precarious hygiene, overcrowding, but also by certain communities (asylums, boarding houses, children's homes). For the eradication of epidemic outbreaks, there is a need for a vaccine and other innovative therapies to combat this highly contagious disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because the family doctor is the main medical contact for patients, it can play a crucial role in overdiagnosis. Although it is not a very common topic, overdiagnosis can have important negative consequences both on the health system, from an economic point of view and most importantly on the patient (unnecessary therapies, expensive therapies, impairment of quality of life etc.). Certain diseases have a higher percentage of overdiagnosis and need to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin. Exact pathogenesis is not yet elucidated, although all of these are influences due to the imbalance of the innate immune system, the overgrowth of skin coma and the aberrant neurovascular signaling. Rosacea has a physically limited effect, but from a psychological point of view, the impact is very high. Non-pharmacological treatments are very important in preventing triggering and subsequent care by hydration and appropriate sunscreen. From a pharmacological point of view, both systemic and topical interventions can be performed, however current therapies are not curative. Proper skin care plays a pivotal role in maintaining remission and alleviating the symptoms of rosacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, AIDS diagnosis has decreased, most likely through easier access to treatment and faster management of HIV infections. Due to the decrease in the number of AIDS patients, the reduction of deaths and the idea of eradication of AIDS can be considered. For all of this, we need to look at the HIV infection that causes AIDS. HIV infection at European level has been declining in recent years, yet there are still countries that continue to grow. Late diagnosis, pre-exposure prophylaxis and the lack of proper education in prevention are still a problem in some European Union countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the physician-patient relationship is a bidirectional one, the center of which is communication. Communication is no longer regarded as an option but as a necessity in the day-to-day practice of physicians. The way we use communication can make a big difference on the physician-patient relationship, on the understanding of the disease, the treatment, and on the subsequent conduct of the patient. The approach to this subject comes in the absence of formal courses for doctors in communication, a necessary and beneficial thing both for the doctor and for the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease is comprised of two major disorders: ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. Among intestinal infl ammatory diseases, there must be made a difference between extra intestinal manifestations and the complications of the disease or treatment. Anemia represents one of the most frequent extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease. The etiology of anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease can be multifactorial, often involving a combination of iron deficiency , anemia of chronic disease, vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, drugs or hemolysis. Patients with iron deficiency may not always manifest with signs and symptoms; so, hemoglobin levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease must be regularly monitored for earlier detection of anemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D is required to maintain normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate, which are in turn needed for the normal mineralization of bone, also play a role in muscle function, nerve conduction, the immune system and general cellular function in all cells of the body. Populations at risk for vitamin D deficiency are infants, adolescents, eldery, pregnant and lactating women. The actions of the vitamin D hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) are mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that functions to control gene expression. Epidemiological data underline a strong correlation between vitamin D deficiency and higher risk for chronic inflammatory illnesses or autoimmune diseases. Evidence is not sufficiently to draw conclusions regarding the benefits of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of cancer. Literature increasingly supports the inverse relationship of vitamin D level and diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breastfeeding has many benefits for both baby and mother and socio-economic point of view. From the perspective of the benefits to the mother, an advantage is the faster weight loss compared to the non-breastfeeding mothers. We will discuss the extent to which weight loss in breastfeeding mothers is relevant, based on the results of the latest research in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]