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Childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by anatomical and functional upper airway abnormalities as pathophysiological determinants, and clinical symptoms are frequently clear. OSAS is widely described in rare genetic disorders, such as achondroplasia, Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Pierre Robin sequence, and mucopolysaccharidosis. Craniofacial and upper airway involvement is frequently morbid conditions. In children with genetic diseases, the clinical symptoms of OSAS are often slight or absent, and related morbidities are usually more severe and can be observed at any age. The present review is aimed to updating the discoveries regarding OSAS on Achondroplasia, Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Pierre Robin sequence, Sickle cell disease, or encountered in our clinical practice (Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Noonan syndrome). Two additional groups of genetic disorders will be focused (mucopolysaccharidoses and osteogenesis imperfecta). The flowing items are covered for each disease: (I) what is the pathophysiology of OSAS? (II) What is the incidence/prevalence of OSAS? (III) What result from the management and prognosis? (IV) What are the recommendations? Considering the worries of OSAS, such as inattention and behavioural problems, daytime sleepiness, failure to thrive, cardiological and metabolic complications, the benefit of a widespread screening and the treatment in children with genetic diseases is undoubtful. The goals of the further efforts can be the inclusion of various genetic diseases into guidelines for the screening of OSAS, updating the shreds of evidence based on the research progression., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Background: Exposure to environmental pollutants is advocated to be a major risk factor, with increased morbidity and mortality in humans due to acute and chronic airway inflammation. The aim of the present review is to show the literature research regarding the link between the sleep-disordered breathing and exposure to indoor/outdoor pollution in children. We hypothesized that environmental air pollution can play a role in childhood sleep-disordered breathing., Methods: We conducted an electronic search in Medline (with PubMed interface), Scopus and the ISI Web of Science using the keywords "sleep" or "sleep apnea" or "sleep disordered breathing" and "pollution" and "children" in "Title/Abstract/Keywords", with language restriction (non-English paper) and no date limitation to present. The tobacco smoke pollution is well established linking and is not considered for the present subject. We examined the strength of the evidence according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine [2011] and the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine [2009]., Results: A total of 105 articles were identified, but 97 of these had to be excluded after an accurate reading of the title, abstract or full text. In the end, eight studies were selected for our analysis for a total of a total of 5,826 children. The results suggest an involvement (grade C) of environmental (not from voluptuary habits) pollution in the worsening of sleep-disordered breathing in children., Conclusions: To date, some studies reported significant differences between areas with higher and lower pollutants and the interventions on indoor pollution reduced sleep-disordered breathing in children. Therefore, although the relevance of the argument is high, the number of studies and the interest in the subject seems at this time quite limited., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.